Junior Cert Study

[email  protected] com www. cyclonerepertory. com Romeo and Juliet Session Themes & Topics 1 – Shakespeare’s Main Source: Arthur Brooke’s 3020 line narrative poem â€Å"The Tragicall Historye of Romeus and Juliet† (first published in 1562). Brooke was reported to have translated it from an Italian novella â€Å"Giulietta e Romeo†, a novella by the Italian author Matteo Bandello, written in 1554. The poem's ending differs significantly from Shakespeare's play: the nurse is banished, the apothecary is hanged for his involvement in the deception while Friar Laurence leaves Verona to live in a hermitage until he dies.Another notable plot difference is that the story takes place over nine months while Shakespeare’s version takes place over 5 days. A key theme of Brooke’s epic poem which permeates Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is: 2 – Love as a Religious Experience (or Love as a Form of Religious Worship). This idea of love is based on medieval courtly love poetry and was a strong influence on Brooke’s version of Romeo and Juliet. Love in this sense is not just lust but is tempered by patience, romance, spirituality and heroism. The language used in this poetry was full of religious references.This idea of love was borrowed by Shakespeare in his version of the tale. Here are a few examples which reflect this theme: â€Å"If I profane with my unworthiest hand this holy shrine† Romeo, Act I Scene 5 â€Å"Call me but love and I’ll be new baptized. † Juliet, Act II Scene 2 â€Å"Swear by the gracious self, which is the god of my idolatry. † Juliet, Act II Scene 2 This theme of love as religious worship demonstrates the young couple’s passion and devotion to one another. This return of affection from Juliet inflames the young Romeo as opposed to his advances towards the â€Å"unfeeling† Rosaline which were not reciprocated. – Synopsis of the Play: The extract below is the synopsis as staged in â€Å"The Romeo and Juliet Session†: Day 1, Sunday: The star crossed lovers meet and fall in love. Day 2, Monday: They secretly marry in Friar Lawrence’s cell. Later, Romeo gets in a brawl with Tybalt and his best friend, Mercutio, is killed . Taking revenge, Romeo in turn kills Tybalt. For this murderous act The Prince banishes him. But before fleeing to Mantua Romeo has a passionate night with his new bride. Day 3, Tuesday: Mr. & Mrs. Capulet brutally force the rebellious Juliet to marry Paris.A now desperate Juliet runs to Friar Lawrence begging for help. He gives her a potion that induces a death-like state. Later that day Capulet moves the day of the wedding from Thursday to Wednesday. Day 4, Wednesday: The nurse finds Juliet â€Å"dead†. The wedding preparations now become funeral preparations. Romeo hears of Juliet’s death and makes the journey to Verona. Day 5, Thursday: Romeo arrives in Capulet’s tomb and takes his own life just before Juliet awakes. Seeing her dead lover by her side, the young Juliet takes Romeo’s knife and ends it. – Benvolio, Romeo & Mercutio: The function of Benvolio’s character is to provide a peaceful, passive personality in contrast to the lively and aggressive Mercutio. This is important as both characters have a significant influence on the young Romeo. Our hero demonstrates aspects of both characters at various points throughout the play. Benvolio’s character foretells an end to the feud. He is only member of Romeo’s generation to survive by the end of the play. We also know that Benvolio is trustworthy. After Mercutio has been slain, Benvolio recounts the events accurately and fairly to the Prince.Even though he belongs to one of the families in the feud, the Prince does not see it necessary to doubt his word, further proving his sincerity and earnestness. It might prove useful to think of the characters of Romeo , Mercutio and Benvolio as three brothers: Mercutio is the aggressive, jaded and, sometimes, mean eldest, Romeo is the youngest and most spoilt as he’s allowed to indulge his feelings and cries a lot and Benvolio, the middle child, is a good mediator as he helps to dissolve tensions between the two (as middle children often do in real life).However, in our Romeo and Juliet Session, the actor’s confusion over how to play Benvolio is also a devised conflict point between the actor and Shakespeare which acts as a bridge to discuss: 5 – Elizabethan Attitudes to Homosexuality: Freedom of choice, in this sense, was not allowed in Shakespeare’s day. Acceptance of Homosexuality as has been happening in today’s Western society was non-existent, at least publicly. If such attitudes were expressed in public then it could have serious repercussions as it went against acceptable norms of society.Practice of homosexuality was often punishable by death. 6  œ Lack of Female Performers: In Shakespeare’s day women were not allowed onstage, in fact it was illegal. Their place was in the home. Every female character in those days was performed by men. In this play for example, teenage boys would play the role of Juliet, and older (generally burly and heavy) men, would play the Nurse. It’s interesting to notice that the character of the pantomime Dame, can be traced back to this type of roles. Women we only allowed on stage after 1660 (many years after Shakespeare death). – Mercutio’s Queen Mab Speech: What’s the point of this monologue? Most productions of this play cut it out. Mercutio’s cynical take on love serves as a counterpoint to Romeo’s wistful one. Mercutio is warning Romeo that love is a trap that comes with many pitfalls and burdensome obligations. In addition to this Shakespeare seems to have been making a bit of a pun with the name Queen Mab. Traditionally, Queen Mab is known as the queen of the fairies. But in his time the words â€Å"quean† and â€Å"mab† were also references to whores. Ultimately, Mercutio is trying to deflate Romeo’s illusion of love.Ergo: life is not a lover’s fairytale. 8 – Medieval Tragedy: A common plot device in Medieval Tragedy is that of unseen, hostile forces determining the destiny of the lovers. Shakespeare uses this concept in the play. When Romeo says, â€Å"†¦expire the term of a despised life clos’d in my breast† (Act I Scene 4) he is foretelling his own death. This is not because he wants to die but more because he feels that it is in his fate. That’s the reason why Shakespeare call them â€Å"star crossed lovers† in the Prologue to the play: their fate’s written in the stars.But they’re ill-fated too: conspiring against them are events, coincidences and accidents. For example: 1. Romeo’s bad timing in arriving too early to Julietâ⠂¬â„¢s tomb. 2. Romeo not getting Friar Laurence’s letter explaining his scheme of Juliet’s pretended death. 3. The dark shadow of the feud influences the secretive actions of the hasty lovers. This hastiness is a tragic flaw that both characters share and it plays its part in the tragedy. In Juliet’s own words: â€Å"Too rash, too unadvised, too sudden. † (Act II Scene 2) In fact, Romeo and Juliet are fated to die.This tragic device of impending doom was meant to make the audience pity the young and innocent lovers. In Romeo’s own words: â€Å"I am fortune’s fool†. (Act III Scene 1) 9 – Love vs. Lust: Is Romeo really in love with Juliet or is he just a boy with a strong libido? Wasn’t he hopelessly in love with Rosaline before? In his own words: â€Å"The all seeing sun ne’er saw her match since first the world begun. † (Act I Scene 2). Romeo was gutted after Rosaline rejected him. If Juliet rejected him, would he have just found someone new, pined longer for Juliet, returned to Rosaline or do something else?Would it be fair to say that Romeo is in love with the idea of being in love? If we take the side of the argument that Romeo is really in love this time, then this harks back to the theme of Love as a Religious Experience. Romeo and Juliet’s relationship is spiritual, heroic & romantic but it also contains lust, as in any romantic relationship. The world of Romeo and Juliet’s love is so all-consuming that, to quote John Donne, â€Å"Nothing else is†. (The Sun Rising, Stanza 3). This disregard for the outside world is the beauty of their pure love and the reason for their downfall.This meeting of these two soul mates has awoken them to a new world of feeling and passion that goes beyond anything they’ve ever known before. 10 – Conflict: All the conflicts in the play are a result of the feud between the Montagues and Capulets which we are told in the play was â€Å"Bred of an airy word† (Prince, Act I Scene 1). No one seems to know what started it in the first place. All we know is that the family’s of the Capulets and Montagues have born a grudge for a long period of time, passing on the hatred from one generation to the next, and they’re not even sure why.However, the feud between the families has an historic basis. The period referred to in the play is between 1269 & 1387. This was a time when Verona was split between competing noble families. Italians at that time were divided. Some of them favoured a government ruled by the German emperor while others were part of a congress of city-states under the moral leadership of the Pope in Rome. So noble Families would often fight over the political high ground. But what’s most important in this play is how the feud affects the young lovers and other characters.The feud is responsible for the fiery Tybalt seeking out Romeo for daring to show his face at the Capulet’s ball, it’s responsible for the lovers secret marriage, Mercutio’s and Tybalt's murders, Romeo’s banishment and the Friar’s scheme which eventually leads to Romeo and Juliet’s death. 11 – Realism vs. Telling the story: There are inconsistencies in the play: No one question why the young, 14 your old Juliet just suddenly dies. The vial of potion by her side is never found. Rosaline, was a Capulet too, a cousin of Juliet. But the feud between the families was never addressed in that case.Was Shakespeare unaware of these inconsistencies? Why were they not addressed? This has a lot to do with how writing has changed over the years. Realism as we know it was an invention of the novels of the XVIII & XIX centuries. In Shakespeare’s day there wasn’t an interest in depicting everyday life. Therefore consistency wasn’t as important as telling a story. Famous and quotes from Romeo and Juliet: Below are some quotes that you may find useful to quote in your exams. â€Å"A pair of star-crossed lovers†. Prologue â€Å"One fairer than my love? The all-seeing sunNe'er saw her match since first the world begun†, Romeo, Act I, scene 2 â€Å"O! she doth teach the torches to burn bright†, Romeo, Act I, scene 5 â€Å"Did my heart love till now? Forswear it, sight! For I ne'er saw true beauty till this night†, Romeo, Act I, scene 5 â€Å"My only love sprung from my only hate! Too early seen unknown, and known too late! † Juliet, Act 1, scene 5 â€Å"O Romeo, Romeo! wherefore art thou Romeo? † Juliet, Act II, scene 2 â€Å"O, swear not by the moon, the inconstant moon, That monthly changes in her circled orb, Lest that thy love prove likewise variable. Juliet, Act II, scene 2 â€Å"Good Night, Good night! Parting is such sweet sorrow, that I shall say good night till it be morrow. † Juliet, Act II, scene 2 â€Å"What's in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet. † Juliet, Act II, scene 2 â€Å"Wisely and slow; they stumble that run fast,† Friar Laurence, Act II, scene 3 â€Å"Men's eyes were made to look, and let them gaze. † Mercutio, Act III, scene 1 â€Å"A plague o' both your houses! † Mercutio, Act III, scene 1 â€Å"O, I am Fortune's fool! † Romeo, Act III, scene 1 â€Å"Give me my Romeo; and, when he shall die,Take him and cut him out in little stars, And he will make the face of heaven so fine That all the world will be in love with night, And pay no worship to the garish sun. † Juliet, Act III, scene 2 â€Å"Then I defy you, stars! † Romeo, Act V, scene 1 â€Å"For never was a story of more woe Than this of Juliet and her Romeo. † Prince, Act 5, scene 3 Shakespeare’s Contribution to the English Language Shakespeare is credited by the Oxford English Dictionary with the introduction of nearly 3,000 worlds into the language. I t doesn’t mean that he created them all but that his works were the earliest citation.Below is small list of words and phrases from Shakespeare’s plays. Many widely used today: Words: †¢ Accommodation †¢ Amazement †¢ Apostrophe †¢ Assassination †¢ Auspicious †¢ Bloody †¢ Bump †¢ Courtship †¢ Critic †¢ Critical †¢ Dwindle †¢ Exposure †¢ Frugal †¢ Generous †¢ Gloomy †¢ Hurry †¢ Invulnerable †¢ Laughable †¢ Lonely †¢ Majestic †¢ Misplaced †¢ Monumental †¢ Multitudinous †¢ Obscene †¢ Pious †¢ Premeditated †¢ Radiance †¢ Road †¢ Sanctimonious †¢ Sportive †¢ Suspicious Phrases: †¢ all that glitters isn't gold †¢ as dead as a doornail †¢ break the ice †¢ catch a cold †¢ clothes make the man †¢ disgraceful conduct eaten out of house and home †¢ elbowroom †¢ fair play †¢ foregone c onclusion †¢ heart of gold †¢ heartsick †¢ hot-blooded †¢ housekeeping †¢ in a pickle †¢ in stitches †¢ in the twinkling of an eye †¢ it's Greek to me †¢ lackluster †¢ laughing stock †¢ leapfrog †¢ long-haired †¢ method in his madness †¢ mind's eye †¢ mum’s the word †¢ naked truth †¢ neither a borrower nor a lender be †¢ neither here nor there †¢ send him packing †¢ set your teeth on edge †¢ sorry sight †¢ to be or not to be †¢ to thine own self be true †¢ too much of a good thing †¢ vanish into thin air †¢ wear one's heart on one's sleeve [pic] [pic] [pic]

Arts & academic Essay

First of all, I have the diligence, determination, and aptitude to take on an Arts degree and make the most out of it. In such a large university, the ability to interact with peers and mentors both on academic and social levels is of also prime importance for survival. I am fortunately blessed with exceptional communication and interpersonal skills that allow me to be able to interact well in diverse groups. I can speak out my mind politely and explain my thoughts clearly and comfortably to make my peers and mentors understand my ideas accurately. However, the quality in me that I believe above all else would make me a success in a university Arts program is my strong vision of what I intend to be in life. This vision of mine has guided me throughout my education, keeping me in track with what I want out of life. My vision gives me an exact sense of personality, and through it I derive meaning and originality. I know what I want and I know that I have what it takes to make it happen, and that will eventually make me a success in your Arts program.

A Study On A Structural Necessity Architecture Essay

Within the societal scientific disciplines the term construction besides seems have different options. At possibly the most cardinal degree, within the field, the societal scientific disciplines themselves are broken into separate subjects in an attempt to decently analyze, analyse, and categorise different types of information, therefore supplying a sense of order or construction. Yet even these divisions are inconsistent across the field. At one institute sociology and anthropology may be joined in a individual plan of survey yet at others they are wholly separate and possibly assorted with another, such as linguistics. Beyond specifying itself the societal scientific disciplines have a singular ability for classifying, reclassifying, and re-reclassifying things ( including but barely limited to race, civilization, historical periods, theoretical models, methodological analysiss, and gender ) on a regular footing. In 1978, Edward Said, in his book Orientalism, identified a really controversial division between Europe and the Orient. Since so there have been important arguments on the ground for such a division, and even if such a division genuinely existed. Janet Abu-Lughod, in 1989 wrote â€Å" Analyzing a System in Formation † , in which she agreed that there is a recognizable division between the Europe and the remainder of the universe. Indeed she suggests that there is a incorporate universe construction and it is based on a Eurocentric theoretical account which developed around the 14th century. Within societal scientific disciplines this of course raises the inquiry, is the strong accent we give to construction an unconscious affect of the Eurocentric beginning of our theoretical account? Or is construction a more permeant thought? This essay contends that while a big part of the authorship in societal scientific discipline literature is Eurocentric in beginning, the construction, and more specifically the thought of construction is non limited to European idea. Levi-Strauss ‘ thoughts of infrastructure offers a strong statement that construction, as Abu-Lughod describes it, is simply the superstructure representation of an implicit in infrastructure common throughout all human civilizations. Then before turn toing the signifier of construction in the superstructure of our modern universe system, we must inquire whether determine whether construction is needed, or instead can we gestate of a universe, or societal scientific disciplines, without construction? Finally, manners of communicating will be used to demo how construction is exhaustively embedded in our universe even when it is non perceived. InAnalyzing a System in Formation, Janet Abu-Lughod really indicates her beliefs that the current construction of societal scientific disciplines is dominated by its European beginnings. Indeed while citing others, she gives provinces that the current universe system is wholly Eurocentric. For illustration, she recognizes Immanuel Wallerstein for coining the term â€Å" modern world-system † and that Europe lead development of this system, which has lasted more than 500 old ages. ( Abu-Lughod, 4 ) She supports this contention with the plants of Fernand Braudel and Eric Wolff who describe how a euro-centered universe was established in the 14th century and was the footing for the current universe system. ( Abu-Lughod, 9 ) Indeed, she accuses Braudel of doing an â€Å" unconscious Eurocentric faux pas. † ( Abu-Lughod, 11 ) In these illustrations the thought of Eurocentrism is difficult to lose. As Abu-Lughod points out, â€Å" Before Europe becameoneof the world-economies in the twelfth and 13th centuries†¦ there were legion pre-existent world-economies. † ( 12 ) Looking at the modern system it is possibly excessively easy to see the strength of the European influence upon the system, whether in currency rates, human rights issues, or a assortment of other countries. But to state that the modern system is purely based on this influence suggests that all other systems have either been discarded or go subservient to the Euro-centric theoretical account. Yet we have merely to come in a non-European state to recognize merely how diverse the differences elsewhere remain. Surely the strong grades of European influences are felt in South Africa or India, where English is widely spoken. And similarly in Algeria and Egypt where Arabic is still the national linguistic communication but a turning per centum of the population speak French and English, severally. Yet in each instance, although they have adopted parts of the Euro-centric theoretical account, they have each molded their ain signifier. Rather than being consumed Europe they have been influenced by it. But the influence is non unidimensional, instead influences flow back and Forth between parts. The ongoing argument in France sing hijab and other spiritual symbols in public schools is declarative of the concern felt by many in France of the turning Muslim population. Likewise, the alterations in corporate leading methods over the past decennary, from individualistic to more group-oriented, reflect an inflow of new thoughts from Japan and other states in Southeast Asia. In the terminal, Abu-Lughod was at least partly right ; Europe has influenced the construction of the world-system. But the world-system, and including Europe, has been influenced by the remainder of the universe. In a similar mode, while the construction of societal scientific disciplines found its beginnings in Europe it has, particularly in recent decennaries, been strongly influenced by the remainder of the universe. The construction that remains is non a massive creative activity but instead an merger which is invariably in flux. Leading possibly to the inevitable inquiry, are we utilizing the right, or the best system? Or do we even need to make this construction? When composingThe Ritual Processin 1969 Victor Turner gave us the term ‘anti-structure ‘ . His term was non meant to connote a deficiency of construction. In â€Å" Metaphors of Anti-Structure in Religious Culture † he clarified his term stating, â€Å" †¦ the ‘anti ‘ is here merely used strategically and does non connote a extremist negativeness. † ( 272 ) He farther explains, â€Å" I do non seek the obliteration of affair by signifier. † ( 273 ) Rather than proposing non-structure, the term anti-structure is conceived as yet another portion of the whole non to the full accounted for within the bing construction ; they are two-sides of the same coin. Within societal scientific disciplines as a whole at that place ever seems to be a construction. Disciplines are broken down by topics or methods. Subjects are broken down by location or clip period. Information is so pigeon-holed into a peculiar subject within a topic under a subject. Sometimes these topics and subjects are realigned, and sometimes information is referenced in multiple topographic points, but there is consistent effort to happen a topographic point everything ; or as the expression goes, â€Å" A topographic point for everything and everything in its topographic point. † But why must everything be put in its topographic point? And is there truly a topographic point for everything? Historically, our classification systems last until something does n’t suit. After seeking legion unsuccessful ways to accommodate our theoretical account and our information we acknowledge the job and expression for a new construction ; what sociology of cognition would cal cubic decimeter a revolution of cognition. But is a construction necessary? Can we gestate of our societal scientific discipline information outside the restraints of construction? If it is possible, we do we invariably seek to develop a more accurate and/or effectual construction? One might reason that early ethnographers, such as Marco Polo and Sir Richard Francis Burton worked outside the restraints of construction. They successfully documented important information without being purely attached to a peculiar subject. Indeed such plants frequently contain a wealth of information because they include a great assortment of different types of information. In a similar mode Clifford Geertz ‘ experience as described inDeep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfightcan be viewed as working outside the constituted construction. His intended survey was, no uncertainty, sanctioned and developed along certain guidelines. However, when he allowed himself to be caught up in rabble outlook brought on by the sudden reaching of the constabulary he was non moving within the restraints of any guidelines. Indeed Geertz ‘ description of the police officer ‘s action on page 415 suggest that he was movingagainstthe established construction. When we read about the Balinese cockfight and implicit in construction is easy to individuality. Peopless are identified by originals and specific subjects are ethical motives are indicated. The analysis itself is really structured, and that is where the construction seems to fall within much of the societal scientific disciplines, particularly anthropology. In order to pass on the information to others we construction it in such as manner that it becomes relevant to our audience. Yet the existent assemblage of information, though possibly limited by a pre-defined field site and research inquiries, can be a non-structured action. In my research of the effects of nomadic communicating engineerings, I frequently find it hard to non see a construction. Due to my experience working on the mechanical side of the engineering, I frequently construction the engineerings, and thereby the people, without detecting. A adult male in a suit utilizing a Blackberry phone seems is deemed a concern adult male, while a similar adult male have oning denims and utilizing an iPhone is deemed a college pupil. Likewise, person utilizing Linux is considered more technologically savvy than person utilizing Windows or an Apple OS, irrespective of their existent competency. From a proficient position, nomadic phones require a physical web to enable communicating. Unlike a land line phone which offers interaction between to fixed points in infinite, a nomadic phone offers an tantamount interaction at two random points. Furthermore, the cellular engineerings allow for non-stationary points, significance communicators are no longer tied to a fixed location. Enabling this nomadic communicating is an substructure web kindred to Levi-Strauss ‘ infrastructure of society. This is the unseeable, underlying system which ties everything together. With nomadic phones, a cellular web must be developed and maintained. This web must let easy connexion and must be linked to other cellular webs to enable transferring of one communicator to different locations with disrupting the manner of communicating. Finally, for this method to be genuinely effectual the web must be built around the communicators and their venues ; a cellular web in an empty desert serves no intent. Developing an effectual web therefore requires consciousness of bing locations of communicators and a method of mapping that information into a cellular web. Thus a construction develops based on the demands of a community. Of class, the communicators are by and large incognizant of this web. A adult male simply dials a figure on his Mobile phone, irrespective of where he is, and his married woman replies at some other unknown and apparently unrelated location. There is no demand for the users of this system to be cognizant of its nature, however the system does be. It is really easy to look around and see merely pandemonium. We are non required to see constructions in our day-to-day life. We take the construction itself for granted, yet that does non intend it does non be. We may gestate of cases where persons move outside the construction, or in a non-structured signifier. Yet when we seek communicate these actions we do so in a structured mode. The analysis, the manner we present the information, even the really linguistic communication itself contains an in agreement upon construction which allows us to pass on. But the construction is non massive and unchanging. A changeless duologue between different influences forms and reshapes the construction. We influence others even while we are influenced. At times a certain type of construction, such as the European theoretical account may look to rule but in clip even it is seen to be influenced by others. In the terminal thought of construction is in an built-in thought throughout the universe, a nd it is merely the peculiar signifier, what Levi-Strauss called the superstructure, that is distinguishable. Bibliography Abu-Lughod, J. ( 1989 ) . â€Å" Analyzing a System in Formation. † InBefore European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250-1350. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Pp 3-40. Althusser, L. ( 1970 ) .Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses.Retrieved on 28 Feb 10, From The Louis Althusser Internet Archive: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.marxists.org/reference/archive/althusser/1970/ideology.htm. DiTornaso, N. ( 1982 ) . â€Å" ‘Sociological Reductionism ‘ from Parsons to Althusser: Associating Action and Structure in Social Theory. †American Sociological Review, 47 ( 1 ) : 14-28. Geertz, C. ( 1973 ) . â€Å" Deep Play: Notes on a Balinese Cockfight. † InThe Interpretation of Cultures. London, UK: Hutchinson, Pp 412-454. Geertz, C. ( 1973 ) . â€Å" Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture. † InThe Interpretation of Cultures. London, UK: Hutchinson, Pp 3-30. Goffman, E. ( 1963 ) . â€Å" Stigma and Social Identity. † InStigma: Notes on the Management of a Spoiled Identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Pp. 1-40. Levi-Strauss, C. ( 1958 ) . â€Å" Structural Analysis in Linguistics and in Anthropology. † Retrieved on 13 Feb 10, From The Marxist Internet Archivess: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/fr/levistra.htm. Mintz, S. ( 1977 ) . â€Å" The Alleged World System: Local Initiative and Local Response. †Dialectical Anthropology, 2 ( 4 ) : 253-270. Nugent, D. ( 2009 ) . â€Å" Knowledge and Empire: The Social Sciences and United States Imperial Expansion. †Identities:Global Studies in Culture and Power, 17 ( 1 ) : 2-44. Trouillot, M-R. ( 1991 ) . â€Å" Anthropology and the Savage Slot: The Poeticss and Politicss of Otherness. † InRecapturing Anthropology: Working in the Present. Richard Fox ( erectile dysfunction ) . Pp. 17-44. Turner, V. ( 1975 ) . â€Å" Metaphors of Anti-Structure in Religious Culture. † InDramas, Fields and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Pp. 272-300.

Green IT and Business Strategization for Epson Australia Essay

Green IT and Business Strategization for Epson Australia - Essay Example The success of a company is measured using many tools, which are both quantitative and qualitative in nature. With the growing awareness of environmental impacts of massive industrialization and growth in the IT sector, governments have realized how crucial it is to thwart the harmful effects of unsolicited disposal of gadgets and hardware used in offices and mills. Epson is a global brand that provides computer associated products like printers, scanners, and projectors to consumers worldwide. End-of-life products of these gadgets include cartridges and accessories that have a negative impact on the soil, flora, and fauna of the regions that they are dumped in. The present project focuses on the performance of Epson Australia in taking strong measures to conform to the principles of Green IT and generates solutions to problems in this arena of safe disposal and sustainable practices. The report that we present here is a compilation of studies that can help in the present situation o f Epson Australia wherein achieving business sustainability in spite of dedicated and conscious eco-friendly drives has become difficult due to lower sales in the recycled products section of products. The objectives of the paper are to use theories and deductions published in the last four years by scholars of business and green IT fraternity, and references were drawn from journal databases like Elsevier, Proquest, Wiley Online Library, and SpringerLink. Journals used include the Journal of Business Ethics, Harvard Business.

How does diversity of employment affect the welfare(income per person) Dissertation

How does diversity of employment affect the welfare(income per person) in cities of America - Dissertation Example The initial variables included in the model were average education level of population, median age, unemployment rate, income tax rate and coastal city and a dummy variable equal to identify cities with welfare. Additional variables for inclusion in the model are still being considered, for example, transfer payments. It is important to hypothesize the expected relationship between the independent variables and the income per person. The higher average education level of the population in a city should increase the level of welfare, since, education is known to have a salutary effect on the income of a person. For median age, one would expect the welfare to increase up to a certain point and then begin to decrease after a certain peak age. This certain age, perhaps, between the ages of 18-50, as suggested in the literature, but, it is difficult to determine the sign of the coefficient for median age. It is possible there is a non linear relationship between welfare and age, with inco me increasing with age up to a certain point and then beginning to decrease after a certain age. A higher unemployment rate should lead to decrease in income, based on theory.

Economic Theory of Capitalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Economic Theory of Capitalism - Essay Example It can be said that capitalism has had a huge impact on the sovereignty of the states, which have come to depend on it completely. It has, in fact, been said that it undermines state sovereignty because decisions that governments have to make have to put into consideration their impact on international affairs (Anderson 85). An example of this is oil-exporting countries, which heavily depend on the income from this product to fund their national budgets. Moreover, if these countries were to act in a way that displeases the international community, then they would be forced to abandon such decisions through the placing of sanctions on their exports by those countries, which import their oil (Hobson 64). Moreover, because of capitalism, many countries have economic interests in other countries. To protect these interests, it has become necessary for the power to meddle in the political affairs of the weaker ones. This has not only made the latter countries lose their sovereignty, but i t has also encouraged their overdependence on more developed nations for economic aid. In many countries, it has been found that economic power is disproportionately balanced so that a few hold most of the wealth while the rest only hold very little or none at all (Lenin 18). This has created a situation where individuals own the majority of the resources in the society and this has made the gap between the rich and the poor to widen. The rich become richer while the poor have continued to become poorer as the cost of living increases while their income has remained the same. The economic policies of many countries tend to be left in the hands of politicians, who make decisions about things or places they are unacquainted with, lack of adequate information about the framework to design effective and correct policies and programs to facilitate the development of their people. This has led many nations to pursue policies that are detrimental to the equal development of all their citiz ens, as they have tended to secure the status quo; namely, the rich being favored at the expense of the poor, who make up the majority of many societies the world over (Schumpeter 105). The potential for social chaos because of this, as propagated by Marx, is quite possible especially when one considers that the trickle effect policies propagated by capitalists do not seem to work. It is a fact that economic inequality is a reality among the majority of the world’s population and this has come about mainly because of the fact that capitalist policies have become dominant. Despite this situation being rampant the world over, most of the people with the power to make a difference are either unwilling or unable to do so because they do not want to disturb the status quo as it is.

Topical Analysis of Hamlet and Henry IV part 1 Essay

Topical Analysis of Hamlet and Henry IV part 1 - Essay Example In the times when all these topics were impossible to write on Shakespeare made a great move and wrote on these topics with immense care. This essay would further describe how Shakespeare used all these topics in these times with his skills so that these topics became acceptable not only on the page but also on the stage. Henry IV Part I is a story about a King and his rebellions. It revolves around the greed for the kingdom and the betrayal of king. King Henry leads the story as the king but soon faces problems at the hands of the people because of whom he has reached the throne. King Henry is not content with the actions of his son Prince Harry who is more diverted towards the materialistic world. Prince Harry not only does involve in drinking but he also makes friends with liars and burglars. This creates a gap of misunderstanding between the King and the Prince. However the change in the plot takes place when one of the loyal noblemen of the King betrays him and shows his greed for the attainment of the throne of King Henry. Hotspur is the name of the character that betrays the King and forces a civil war to pertain in his kingdom. Furthermore, he also gathers allies in order to fight the army of the King and defeat him, but it is later known that most of his allies refuse to take part in the war . Seeing the situation of a civil war in the state King Henry calls upon his son to fight in the battle. Prince Harry comes back to the throne only to fight and win the war for his father. Hotspur is defeated by the army of King Henry with the help of his son and both the father and son get back on good terms. In this sequel Shakespeare tells about the greed one has for the throne and the inner conflicts which a kingdom can face. However in those times it was impossible to point out at the royal kingdom and the greed which people have for the throne. But this

The Theory of the Invisible Hand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

The Theory of the Invisible Hand - Essay Example The above theory is further explained as a condition by which an individual in a society will toil enough to put his capital in the domestic industry so as to encourage its produce for getting a better value, and by doing this, the individual is trying to put in his labor, unknowingly or indirectly, towards bringing in a larger revenue to the society as a whole. In this sort of constructive endeavors the individual actually does not intend to promote the public interest at all, and also does not know to what extent he is promoting it. This unintended promotion bestowed on the society will naturally be more than the actual worth if the individual has really intended it. The theory of the Invisible Hand affirms that if a consumer is given the chance to select freely, that is, at his own will without any external coercion or persuasion, from the several options or products before him, then each producer responsible for the options or products will get the total freedom to choose what to sell or what to produce and how to produce it. This will allow the intended market to settle upon a very convenient product distribution and pricing system so that it will benefit all the members of the society. The reason for deriving such an outcome is vested in the truth that the greed and self interest of an individual will force the attributes to transform into a state of collective and gainful qualities benefiting the society. In economics related to industrial organizations, this theory is applied in the viable and effective production methods in order to maximize the profits. Pricing of products will be fixed to the minimum to compete with the rivals. For getting the required profits the investors will put more money in industries which are considered to be the neediest to people or the target group instead of investing in less profitable industries. According to Adam Smith, "It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own self interest. We address ourselves, not to their humanity but to their self-love, and never talk to them of our own necessities but of their advantages." (Smith, Adam. Wealth of Nations, http://www.econlib.org/LIBRARY/ Smith/smWN1.html#B.I%2C%20Ch. 2%2C%20Of%20the%20Principle%20which%20gives%20Occasion%20to%20the%20Division%20of%20Labour%2C%20benevolence. Retrieved on 25th April, 2009) Thus, the Invisible Hand theory acts as a balancing mechanism in its entirety in the field of customer oriented production and its strategic marketing and in the matter of building customer relationships so as to increase the gains of the entrepreneurs. In this respect it cannot be construed that these entrepreneur's actions are fully motivated to benefit the interests of the society, but it is focused on himself and his kith and kin, and in reality, the net result of its application is nothing but the exploitation of the common people who are in dire wants of necessities and amenities in their struggle to survive in this world. Explanations of "Invisible Hand" in Society by different authors: Every individual...generally, indeed, neither intends to promote the public interest, nor knows how much he is promoting it. By preferring the support of domestic to that of foreign industry he intends only his own security; and by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only h

Cybercrime and Privacy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Cybercrime and Privacy - Research Paper Example There has been a dramatic rise in the reach and availability of electronic means of communication in the recent decades. This has led to a simultaneous rise in the internet related crimes whereby electronic resources are exploited by cyber criminals, to commit online frauds. The internet related crimes are fast spreading across the globe and have become transnational in nature, thus making it far more difficult to restrict, prevent, or investigate such occurrences and persecute the perpetrators. Although the law enforcement agencies, have enacted several policies and set up legal departments to track and prohibit malicious use of internet by the cyber criminals, there is still a serious lack of effective resources and infrastructure to dissuade cyber criminals from engaging in such crimes (Wall 5). The growth in technological advancements has resulted in a simultaneous rise in invasion of our privacy. This is apparent from the growing number of spam messages and unsolicitated mails i n our inbox. This sudden influx of data comprising of marketing reports and aggressive advertising, encountered in our daily lives is one of the most predominant nuisances in present times, which indicate the level and extent of this menace. The increasing exchange of personal information between technology and individuals as a form of communication, which is stored in databases is a threat to our privacy since this information is likely to be pawned by marketing professionals in their profit games. The gravity of this threat is aggravated by the fact that nations across the globe today are highly dependent on information technology. Although the information age has contributed immensely towards enhancing the quality of our lives, it has displayed a serious negative side as well - that of completely diminishing the society's right to protection of their privacy (Wall 37). 2. Significance, scope and extent of the problem: â€Å"Undeterred by the prospect of arrest or prosecution, cy ber criminals around the world lurk on the Net as an omnipresent menace to the financial health of businesses, to the trust of their customers, and as an emerging threat to nations’ security† Marc Goodman The study of cybercrime raises several critical questions regarding the protection of privacy and more specifically the increasing loss of privacy. The proliferation of technology and internet based activities ranging from personal banking and social networking activities to shopping online and searching for employment has become common place, and hence increased the vulnerability of individuals to cyber attacks. The personal details shared by individuals online are accessible to everyone thus making it highly susceptible to misuse, and thefts of identity by cybercriminals (Brenner viii). The commercialization of personal information has added a boost to criminal activities online and the anonymity that the web offers almost guarantees impunity to the perpetrators thus making it difficult for law enforcements to prevent the growing trend. The issue of cybercrime, has been growing consistently and is now known to be one of the most serious and globally recognized internet crimes in recent times, causing millions of dollars worth of losses every year in the U.S. According to the Cyber Crime Report (2011) conducted by Symantec in the U.S. it is estimated that cybercrime has amounted to a total of $338 billion over the past year (Symantec.com, 2011). The report further states that 69% of the adults surveyed have admitted to have fallen prey to cybercrimes in their lifetime of which 65% suffered due to online frauds during the past one year. 75% of the victims of cybercrimes were those between the age group of 18 and 31 years. Figure 2: Source: Cyber Crime Report: Symantec

Criminal Litigation CW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Criminal Litigation CW - Essay Example Following your arrest by the police on suspicion of having committed the felony, you, like any other suspect have a right to a first hearing. You should be aware of the fact that the first hearing is intended to protect you as a suspected criminal, from unreasonable seizure and detention. Basically, the hearing will be carried out to establish whether there is adequate proof to support your full trial. At the initial hearing, various procedural measures may be explored to ascertain whether the police acted within the law during the initial stages of the criminal justice process. Owing to the less seriousness of the offense, you may be notified of the felony, informed of the right to legal representation and the legal requirement as to remain silent. The court may caution you against breaching the gag order, and proclaim that your statements may be admissible in court as evidence against you. You may also receive advice on how to secure a bail, especially now that the source of fundin g for your defence has already been found. Under English legal tradition, a plea is normally entered and the bail set at the initial appearance, so this case shall not an exception. The case scheduled for hearing at the Magistrate’s Court after committal shall entail the plea and modalities on how the case will be managed. In most cases, the hearing takes place in every suit in the Court, and is driven by the requirement to ensure that all important procedures have been followed, in order to enable the court to ready itself for trial. The Magistrate will be expected to act in a managerial manner in order to inject a sense of understanding among the parties concerned so that the case may move on smoothly. The Magistrate shall preside over the entry of names of the witnesses into the court records. Additionally, the Prosecution papers and exhibits shall be unveiled for the first time on that day. Any official admissions, or legal provisions or issues related with the acceptabil ity of the evidence may come out during the first hearing of your case. The court shall then receive information about the proposed timeline of the trial. These issues are usually handled as a set of questions, which the attorney who has been assigned for you shall fill on your behalf. Meanwhile, the Magistrate will provide directions on how to best deal with the case in fair, expeditious, and efficient manner by ordering the entry of a plea. In light of thus, you will be required to participate. If you plead guilty, the trial process may begin immediately, especially if the advocate whom we have assigned to lead your defence does not seek for an adjournment. If you plead not guilty, then it shall be incumbent upon the prosecution and defence to furnish the court with any important issues that will support the expending of the case. Not guilty plea A not guilty plea comes to be when a defendant neither pleads guilty nor enters a no contest plea. The not guilty option earns a defenda nt adequate time to acquire legal advice if he or she does not have one already. When the case comes up for hearing on May 17, 2013, please plead not guilty when the judge formally makes the request to determine the direction which you want the case to take. In the event that you fail to elect any plea

Assess the Consequences of the Civil War for American Politics Essay Example for Free

Assess the Consequences of the Civil War for American Politics Essay With a single shot of John Wilkes Booth’s pistol, the greatest President that ever served America was dead. With the Civil War barely over and with the country in a complete state of moral and political chaos, Abraham Lincoln’s death could not have come at a worse time. (1) The great leader, the brave revolutionary, the progressive politician – Abraham Lincoln was the man who held an ever-changing America together, the only candidate to lead America forward and leave the brutalities of the Civil War, and of course slavery, behind. As it was, Lincoln’s death at Ford’s Theatre could not have come at a worse time for the nation – the death of a national hero, when the people needed him most. (1) His assassination marked the beginning of political chaos within America’s upper echelons, and most unfortunately condemned the south to decades of isolation and the races to a long arduous painful struggle, which remains. (4c)(1) With one single bullet, the soul was immediately ripped out of American politics and all the work of one great man nearly undone. Never before was a strong leader more needed to capitalise on this great opportunity for the country, than after Lincoln’s murder. A man to carry the mantle for this new â€Å"free† America, a great leader to unite the people once again, a man to make America great. Unfortunately, all they got was Andrew Johnson. If the people had wanted a replica of Abraham Lincoln, they were hugely disappointed. As a Democrat from the border state of Tennessee, Johnson was never going to be a mould in Lincoln’s image. (4c) He became very much his own man – whether this was to the benefit of American politics, is highly doubtful. Never before had a President distanced himself so much from Congress. He was egotistical and narrow-minded and never seemed to fully comprehend the complexity of the war that had taken place. As a white southerner, Johnson’s feelings towards blacks were at best mixed. This was seen in his instruction to ex-rebel states to draw up state constitutions and allow ex-confederate leaders to dominate these state governments. (1) Johnson gave these states pretty much â€Å"free rein† over their own affairs and his policy of silence and non-interference was damaging to the freedmen, allowing the states to remain loyal to â€Å"the ause†. (1) Slavery was officially dead, but oppression was thriving. Violence against the freedmen became commonplace and with the introduction of the hugely controversial â€Å"Black Codes† in many states, blacks were denied all but their basic civil rights. Overall, there was a ridiculously ignorant and narrow-minded, yet widely accepte d, view that â€Å"the blacks at large belong to the whites† (Carl Schulz). (1) The infamous Ku Klux Klan (1865) carried out unprecedented violent attacks on the freedmen. (4f) The cowardice of Johnson was seeing all hopes for a brighter future unravel before the freedmen’s eyes. What would Abe Lincoln have thought? However, Johnson was not allowed have an easy ride – Congress fought back and moved to exclude Johnson’s own senators and representatives from the house. (1) To further rile Congress, Johnson in turn vetoed a proposed Fourteenth Amendment (4d)– which defined a U. S. Citizen (including African Americans) – gave extension of powers to the Freedman’s Bureau, and included a reformed civil rights law. (4d) There was now a complete split between the President and the Republican Party. This in turn united the Republican Party; they were united in their hatred of Johnson and now abandoned him. (1) Inevitably, impeachment proceedings were brought against Johnson instigated by Edwin Stanton (the first of its kind to be brought against any American President). These were rightly rejected by Congress. If this had been passed it would have threatened the basis of the Constitutional system that would have caused political chaos. (4a) However, one positive outcome of the whole affair was that it warned all future Presidents not to follow Johnson’s example. In other words, don’t mess with Congress! In 1868, Johnson was finally replaced through the normal political process, by the people’s choice, the hero of Appomattox and Vicks, Ulysses S. Grant (4c) – a very much passive President whose hunger and dedication to the role must come into question. (1) However, despite Grant’s failings as President, at least Congress was united once again and the Congressional majority could now concentrate on the problem of the South and the blacks without interference. Proposed plans for reform in the South were defeated – plans to industrialize it and form the South in the image of the progressive North deemed impossible. For the South had changed greatly – it was now riddled with economic problems with the death of slavery leaving a void in Southern institutions. The general consensus among many was that it must be left for the southerners to sort out – black and white. (1)(4e) Meanwhile, the radical Republican programme was continuing to make massive strides forward: in March 1870, the Fifteenth Amendment was passed giving blacks the vote: â€Å"The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by any state on account of race, colour, or previous condition of servitude†. 2)(4d) The Unionists now had the help of black voters and educating them how to vote and more precisely, how to vote Republican, was a priority. (1)(4e) The freed men were now willing and eager to make the most of their freedom – they were no longer irrelevant in American society – for the first time they had a voice. The freedmen’s cause also had a large volume of support behind it from varying sectors: the scalawags and carpetbaggers (essential to radical reconstruction and always eager for change in the South), the capitalists and industrialists (wanting to capitalise on the rich mineral wealth of the South – coal, iron, oil – and of course to maximise its labour supply), and support also from the national institutions (army, church, Freedman’s Bureau, state militias, Union League). (1) With this formidable force behind it the black’s status was gradually improving. Public education was provided and property qualifications for voting were scrapped along with a framework of law not introduced in southern states. (2) This all helped the modernisation of the South (e. g. famous universities such as Howard, Atlanta and Fisk date from this time). (4e) However as the North progressed at a rapid rate, it found new excitement, new pleasures, new factories, new farms and its people and politicians became increasingly bored with the backward South. Time killed off radical leaders and the passion of newly elected civil war leaders died. Times were changing. 1) The Democratic Party now campaigned for black votes and the Republicans did likewise for white supremist votes. The North was now much more concerned with hating the new threat to American liberty, the Irish and European immigrants. (1)(4b) The South, however, had a different, less passive attitude than their Northern cousins. The South was an entirely different place to the North – it may as well have been another world. Reconstruction for the North involved reintroducing states to the political fold on tolerable terms; for the South it meant rebuilding society from its foundations. 1) The divisions in the South at the time were plain for all to see; divisions between blacks and whites, (2) confederates and scalawags, and the classes (farmer class and planter class. ) There was also the economic problem – a southern economy that was based almost solely on cotton suffered hugely as a result of the abolition of slavery and the resulting shortage of a cheap labour supply. (1)(4f) As a result the despair of the South was expressed through savage race conflict and physical force. (4f) â€Å"This is a white man’s government†. This was a call, made ever louder by the growing power and influence of the Ku Klux Klan. Attempts to prevent blacks from voting, drive them from landholdings and intimidate them to prevent them gaining any confidence were all brutally achieved. (1) â€Å"Corruption is the fashion†. (1) Meanwhile, American politics was going through its most dishonest era in history. With unmanageable debts arising from attempts to rebuild South and with corruption and incompetence rife throughout the entire Grant administration there was a split in the Republican party. 1) The 1872 election was fought between the Democrats and now â€Å"Liberal Republicans† – thus proving that two-party politics was here to stay. Grant just survived the Democratic challenge. Now, however, the Democrats had a new lease of life, a new optimism based on the anti-business Jacksonian platform. (1) This optimism was further inflated with the Democratic victory in the Congressional election in 1874. (1 ) Was Reconstruction coming to an end? As it turned out, no. Republican party candidate Rutherford B. Hayes’ administration undoubtedly rigged the 1876 Presidential election in his defeat of Samuel Tilden. Reconstruction was however unofficially dead and by the looks of it, American politics and morals had gone with it. To avert another civil war and to calm the fuming Democrats – a compromise was reached (The Compromise of 1877). (4G) Hayes promised investment in the South in return for the improved treatment of African – Americans. As it turned out this did turn out to be too good to be true. There were still united attacks on blacks and a general decline in the blacks’ social status. Similarly, Hayes returned the compliment in showing little interest in the South – in a region that always voted Democratic. 1) Overall, it must be said that Reconstruction had failed in almost every way. The South was still in turmoil. The blacks were still being treated as second-class citizens (at best) and the southern whites coping with poor land, poor capital and seemingly no hope for the future. Reconstruction did bring about the 14th and 15th amendments giving a solid grounding for blacks in the North. These amendments however did not properly affect blacks in the South for another hundred years. (1) What would Abe Lincoln think? This was a time when the title â€Å"President† mattered very little. Passive and corrupt Presidents became very much the norm – Presidents seemingly doing their utmost to undo the great work of Abraham Lincoln. President Rutherford B. Hayes rigged 1874 election; (4g)(4c) President Garfield will only be remembered for being shot by Charles J. Guiteau; President Arthur was a quiet dignified President, that’s all. (4c) Congress held all the great power now and this is also where the corruption in American politics was most prevalent. Selfish Senators often used their power and exploited their influence to get wealthier off big business corporations. (1) It was clear, politics stank. It is true that the need to eradicate corruption was not helped by the two-party system that now was clearer than ever in American politics. (3)(2) This old-style Jeffersonian system left states to their own devices thus making the disease of corruption almost untreatable, and of course the corruptors almost untouched. (1) It was the mixture of old politics and a new society – a society unable to cope with the rapid changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution changed America into what it is today – a continental nation, rich and productive economically populous, and industrialized, with various ethnic origins. 4b)(1) America was effectively the first fully modern society but as we have seen, was in a constant struggle with itself to adapt to this new â€Å"Gilded Age†. (3) In my opinion, this proves and merely underlines the flaws in the Constitutional Political system: it is a system that proved incapable of abolishing slavery peacefully and now was evide ntly unable to industrialize America morally. Meanwhile, it was now a fact that the big business millionaires and capitalists that were resulting from industrialisation practically owned state governments. Entrepreneurs such as Frick, Carnegie and Rockefeller held absolute control over this new breed of greedy politician. (1) The businessmen competed furiously with each other taking potentially huge risks in the hope of claiming potentially huge profits. (3) Although the politicians in question were by no means godly, it must be said that they were always loyal to their party and extremely patriotic. They kept promises and looked after their own people. They were in politics to make a good living – it was the â€Å"American Way†. However, the Mugwumps were the first group to make their dissent about this continuing epidemic of corruption matter – a group consisting of mainly liberal Republicans. Although the Mugwumps never posed any major threat to politicians they did have their achievements: (1) helped defeat of James Blaine (Republican) by Grover Cleveland in 1884 election. (2) pushed for introduction of secret ballots by 1892 in thirty-three states ( in an attempt to avoid violence and bribery present in past elections). (3) were essentially the spokesmen for the American conscience at the time. The new expanding free education in America now taught children Mugwump ways – taught morals, patriotism and loyalty. Ultimately, however, the Mugwumps never fulfilled their great potential as a serious political party as they were blind to providing for the poorer classes – unlike the established politicians. (1)(4i) Meanwhile, relatively speaking, times looked healthy for the American economy: abundant rainfall, good harvests, easy credit all resulted in benefits for both towns and farms. The winter of 1886-87 changed all that: cattle were destroyed and so-called ‘cattle-kings’ were ruined. Similarly, the summer of drought in 1887 meant that the Kansas harvest failed. (‘In God we trusted, in Kansas we busted’). (1) Now times looked bad. Income for farmers naturally decreased and instead of blaming their own faults, turned their anger towards the mismanaged railroads. (3) The ruthless competition of building railroads in the East, resulted in the businessmen allowing Free Fares for Congressmen for using certain lines and provided ‘rebates’ for big shippers (e. g. Standard Oil). This resulted in the farmers having to pay more to railways to cover the capitalists’ costs adding to the problems of drought. Farmers were now convinced that there was some kind of conspiracy against American agriculture. (1)(3) Everything the American farmer believed in was under threat from this new monster of industry and commerce. All sections of farmers in both the South and West (despite civil war) came together to form the Farmers’ Alliance in an attempt at improving the farmer’s lot. (4i) Farmers now expressed themselves through politics. In 1888 several farmer’s parties contested state elections and fared well (though at Presidential level everything stayed as normal with Benjamin Harrison (Republican) replacing the sterile Cleveland) The newly formed People’s Party in 1892 was another sign of success on the farmers’ part. The real strength of the party was in the enthusiasm of its supporters – the Populists, headed by General James Weaver, did extremely well in the 1892 Presidential election, gaining a very respectable 1029840 votes. (1)(4i) It was a party aiming to restore the soul of America, a soul that had been eaten away in a haze of corruption and greed since the great Lincoln’s murder. The Populists now set out on this great political crusade (not seen since 1840) and laid the agenda for reforms for the next twenty years. They sought dramatic changes: (1) (1) the free coinage of silver (2) a form of income tax be introduced (3) the sub treasury plan of the Farmers’ Alliance (4) the nationalization of railroads (5) the introduction of the secret ballot system in all states (6) a restriction on immigration (which had risen to unprecedented levels with the arrival of Europeans in search of a better living in America. (7) the limit of one-term for Presidents and vice-Presidents (8) Senators to be chosen by the people (9) and most controversially, it called for a national currency to be introduced that could adapt to the needs of the people. (1)(4) The currency question caused a complete split in Congress between the free traders and the protectionists. This substantial divide meant that no rational tariff would be possible. (4j) Grover Cleveland was one man oppo sed to a high tariff. Siding with the ordinary, working-class views, Cleveland’s popular vote naturally increased and he was re-elected for a econd term in 1892. It would be fair to label this term in office as an unqualified failure. (1)(4c)(4j) The economy immediately floundered. He failed to prevent or withdraw the 1890 McKinley Tariff, which undoubtedly favoured the monopolists. Attempts to restore business confidence failed, as businessmen remained unwilling to take risks at such an unsteady time. Efforts by Cleveland to defend the gold-standard (he was widely known as a staunch ‘gold-bug’) only served to widen the gap between himself and Congress. It cannot be denied that this ’gold-bug’ administration completely failed to help the ordinary people through this economic depression – Cleveland failed to revive the economy. (1)(4j) As expected, the Democrats did badly in the 1894 Congressional elections as a wave of strikes swept the country in a vain attempt to prevent mass lay-offs. And what did Cleveland do to help these people most affected by this economic deadline? He introduced labour injunctions and sent federal troops to Chicago to break the railroad strike. (1) The people demanded and deserved more. Discontent grew, as did socialist ideas (similar to Populist ideas. There was a growing demand for greenbacks to be introduced (Fiat money), (1) which would allow the government to regulate the circulation of money. However Weaver made the fatal mistake of concentrating solely on the currency question in the lead up to the 1896 election as this issue had no appeal for those struggling industrial workers – they just wanted work! In the end, the election transpired to be economically irrelevant – instead it became a straight battle between the industrial society and farming communities and settled the identity of the Democratic and Republican parties for good. The Republicans, led by William McKinley and his influential understudy Marcus Alonso Hanna represented the higher class society in America and lectured on the importance of the gold standard (Hanna certainly dominated the campaign while coaching McKinley how to behave). (1)(4k) The Democrats, on the other hand, aimed to rid themselves of all Cleveland’s work. In effect, the populists had captured the Democratic Party and this was confirmed when William Jennings Bryan was chosen to head their campaign. 4k) He was a man of reform and spoke for the plain, ordinary people of rural America. â€Å"You shall not press down upon the brow of labour this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold†. (1) Emphatic and deeply biblical, the language spoke of something of huge importance to the Democrats. It must be said that Bryan re-committed the party to its original principles – principles that kept the party out of office for sixteen years, however , principles that were ultimately beneficial to it. McKinley took the election and the Republicans captured both houses of Congress, which signifies the shift from America from a rural nation to an urbanised one. American politics now had a system and the parties had an identity. Hanna brought Republicans to the wealthy side, while Bryan put the Democratic future firmly into the hands of the poor and weak. (1)(4k) In my opinion, this makes the 1896 election the most important Presidential Election in American history. And then for some reason, the economy picked up. Businesses began to boom again, farmers’ hopes improved and most importantly that famous American self-confidence was restored. (1) As it entered the 20th century, times began to look good again. The nineteenth century ended as it began, in violence. McKinley’s declaration of war on Spain in 1898 put a brief halt to the nation’s progressiveness. It was a brief, yet intensely fought conflict that ultimately led to a victory for the U. S. Navy, resulting in the Spaniards relinquishing their claim to ownership of certain parts of the Caribbean and Pacific, to the Americans. The Spanish/American War – April/July 1898). (4h) Many questions had to be answered going into a new century. Could America fulfil its potential? Could the societies of industry and agriculture live in harmony? Could blacks be accepted as equals? Could immigration be controlled in a way to help American citizens? Could America ever find another leader in the mould of Abraham Lincoln? Could American politics regain its moral values? Could America become the great nation that Lincoln once spoke of? As the great man once said; â€Å"With malice toward none, with harity for all, with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation’s wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and his orphan – to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations† (Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address. March 4, 1865). (4c) It was now up to America itself to make him proud.

How to manage the SMART targets in your career plan. Essay Example for Free

How to manage the SMART targets in your career plan. Essay To complete Business course with DDD by the end of the year. I will do this by attending classes, doing tutorials, turning up to one to ones and studying the course work book at home. I will also aim to hand everything in on time and meet all my deadlines in order to stay on top of the work. In order to get a DDD by the end of the year I must get Merits in all my subjects, if I get a one pass for a unit then I must get a distinction in another unit in order to level it out. Select an appropriate course at a reputable University. I will do this by going to open days and logging on to the universities individual websites where there are usually options to do a virtual tour. In order to go to a university that will offer me good teaching in the area of graphic design I will have to look at a graphic design university leader board in order to see who offers the best learning. I must also speak to graphic design students at different universities to see their opinion on what the teaching is like and how good the facilities are. Apply for university before December. I will apply to university before December by making sure I have written up my first draft of my personal statement early to give my tutor enough time to give back amendments and for me to improve it. I will also look on the internet to find good examples of personal statements and guides on how to write them. Find cheap student accommodation. I will find cheap student accommodation by first selecting the university that I wish to study at and then asking at their help desk for some leaflets about the surrounding places I can live at as a student. I could also check the university’s website for links to student accommodation or details on the site about living in the halls of university. I will try to get the cheapest deal I can whilst not compromising on quality by looking through a lot of student apartments. Complete university course with 2:1 by 2014. I will attempt to complete my university course with 2:1 by purchasing the correct equipment before going to university. This will be a laptop that can stand high end applications and will help me be more efficient in completing assignments because my computer can cope with the programs needed for graphic design. I will also purchase books that will prepare me well for the course; these will be details about HTML coding and guides on how to use Adobe products that will be used in university. I will study hard by attending as many lectures as possible and taking notes on the subject, I will then take this theory into practice into the workshops provided by the university. I will keep on top of the assignments from day one in order to keep on top of my work and in control.

Balancing Qualitative and Quantitative Risk Management

Balancing Qualitative and Quantitative Risk Management THE NEED TO BALANCE THE QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENTS IN RISK MANAGEMENT RISK ASSESSMENT In order to control the health and safety of any business, there are certain things that must be controlled and risk is the foremost thing. While doing this it must be analyzed what can create difficulties and cause harm to the business activities or the people working in the organization. Risk assessment involves a necessary step of choosing the correct actions for the risk identified. (Wissem, 2013) QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT Qualitative assessment is a great point to start assessing your business. It is a useful method to gather information and provides insight to your approach. Data is collected through several sources rather than choosing only one source to work with, the data is reviewed, respondents to the researchers are examined, their behaviors are observed and progress towards interview. It presents a complex picture into an uncomplicated way. It can help you organize all your data, learn more through the information gathered. It allows you to think deeply and explore the needs of your business. It is mostly used where definitive and closed answers are unacceptable. We analyze how to increase the productivity in the business, on what basis we must award our employees in a business to bring out more productivity in our company. The qualitative approach is usually done through several methods including: one-on-one interviews open ended questions focus groups observations QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT The answers to How many, How often or How much are discovered through quantitative assessment. The results of quantitative assessment emphasizes on numbers and measurements. They are more dependable in most cases. Any data collected can be useless if the instruments are not well designed and clearly explained and clearly explained to the people who are involved in the research. Quantitative can only give you measures to the way things are done, but to analyze why the things are done in such manner is where qualitative becomes a help. It answers those questions that are usually valid but difficult to be answered. For example, a company hires 250 employees in a new department, to measure their performance on a scale from one to ten, to analyze how actively they are performing on their job, what level of productivity have they brought into the company ever since they have become part of this company is what we analyze in quantitative assessment. BALANCING QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT Generally, quantitative assessment is accurate, trustworthy and a quick measuring surface. However, with some amendments, it can be upgraded where it can add more value to our assessments. The more representative a quantitative assessment is, the more are the chances that the analysis will reflect the picture of a scenario more precisely. It is necessary that the data collection tools used in the assessments is appropriate and well designed. Whereas qualitative assessments explores the reasons and possibilities to why things are happening in a certain way. Qualitative data like quantitative data is based on empiric investigation and evidence. However, qualitative research explores information and generates case studies and summaries rather than lists of numeric data. (acaps, May 2012) Assessments are concluded when the qualitative analysis come out, without qualitative we cannot understand the reasons behind the ups and downs in performances. There are certain ways in which they can add value to our assessments whether it is quantitative or qualitative. The effectiveness of our objective can increase if you know how to use our tools to analyze the risk because and qualitative can offer to examine the culture, the genders, and the individual feelings that are making efforts for a greater contribution and quantitative can bring this into figures to quickly evaluate the situation. If we rely in either of the two assessments, our research will tend to be incomplete. But a qualitative assessment tends to make one an active and responsible person, that likes to reflect and communicates with people.ÂÂ   (Northcote) But with the absence of quantitative assessment we cannot conclude what we have learned so far. The Family Health International (Mack, Woodsong, MacQueen, Guest, Namey) says about the ways qualitative can investigates. To do is to be It can seek answers to our questions Systematically use a predefined set of procedures to answer the question Collection of evidence Produce findings that we are not determined in advance It also provides a great help in identification of tangible factors, factors like genders, culture, norms, ethnicity and religions. The aim is to create a balance between both assessing ways. The differences exist mainly in their analytical objectives, the answers they represent, the instruments and tools they applied in retrieving the results and how flexible the answers can be. Although, both, quantitative and qualitative, are impossible to be occurring simultaneously, they both represent different set of skills, but to achieve our aim, and make balance in the quantitative and qualitative assessments, we can find ways to apply quantitative on our qualitative research. The researchers who are assessing the qualitative work must have a clear understanding of the methods and practices of quantitative and so do the researchers of quantitative must hold proper knowledge of the other to avoid confusions and conflicts in the data.ÂÂ   Under the quantitative assessments, all the stati stical tests undertaken, all the formulas and tactics used must be clearly identified as to why these tests were used and what are the results. Since we can only get the figures in quantitative approach, for example if we are a ball pen manufacturers, we are using 5000kg and we are manufacturing 50,000 ball pens every years, which means every ball pen manufactured requires 100gm polymer. These figures are calculated and analyzed by quantitative assessments. If we talk about the color of the pen, the quality of the polymer, which type of pen, and what style are we looking for, is it a gel pen or an ink pen is all answered by qualitative approach. After all is understood, it is now time to combine the data we collected so far. When we combine those data we assess all the risks that are possible to occur. Combining both will identify issues and collects information on elements for which quantitative is not enough; we are able to generate assumptions which are further verified by quanti tative assessment, the quantitative results are explained through qualitative approach and we can select or reject data to work on further by using both assessments. We cannot choose one way to work through, the best way to analyze the risk assessment is to involve both, because neither is better than the other, both are equally important. Quantitative analyzes the market size, demographics, and other variations while qualitative provides us with taste preferences, behavior patterns, and other needs. STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES These two assessment techniques are primary aspect for any research; no research can be completed without analyzing the case using quantitative and qualitative approach. Businesses can face all kinds of risk some are capable of depriving from profits or even bankruptcy. For any risk identification, it is necessary to analyze whether the business activities are going on right way. For that, quantitative give us an inflexible, close-ended questionnaires in which the respondents are supposed to choose between the given options, they allow the researcher to work within a controlled environment, uses more rigid styled instruments, but the outcome is more reliable, accurate and objective, reduces the complexities. They are standardized, so we can easily compare our findings and free of any bias. Whereas its drawbacks are some loopholes in the information which makes it hard to understand the issues as to why are scoring low on the scale, it could be in any questionnaire, a survey or any ot her analysis. It gives narrow, limited data. But this is ideal for those who are looking for precise and pertinent data. For example Quantitative assessment can collect data in figures like an area affecting 10,000 people by earthquake, magnitude of 6.7, in several districts; the information of quantitative will answer the questions like: How many people have been victims of this earthquake? In how many areas did the earthquake hit? What was the severity of the earthquake? The Qualitative assessment seeks to explore the phenomenon, describe relationships, and experiences. They are open-ended and give us rich details and explanation, we can experience a depth analysis, and all can be done within limited resources. Researches are involved to his or her concern only in quantitative (Rwegoshora, 2014) whereas in qualitative researchers get close and learn more about the respondents to their investigations. Researchers collect data themselves and examine documents, observe the behaviors of respondents and interview them (Center for Teaching). This is a constructive approach and assists a leaner to understand a certain perspective. It focuses on the importance of learning process of individuals. It can help you arranger your facts, figures and all the data, learn more through the information them. It is used where definitive tasks are demanded, like social sciences, arts or any relevant areas and concerns of business studies. Apart from that qualitative are sometimes not verifiable, though it requires a thorough analysis and skilled workers to work out the prime data collection. But again, the data is flexible and we see more interaction between a researcher and a respondent. Without these assessments, the research may go all in vain, and will not be any useful to the researcher or the respondent because they will not be usefully examined. The purpose of the research assessment is to bring out clear and manifested outcome with fewer score on risk levels. It brings authenticity into our research and places emphasis on process rather than product. It will help define the relationships and individual experiences with variations. In quantitative assessments, researchers are free to respond and does not influence them or determine how they will react to the next questions. The differences exist in both ways of assessment, one of the major one is their flexibility, quantitative are usually more inflexible and qualitative are more. The differ ence is also the open ended, in which the participants are free to participate with their opinions and suggestions and close ended (or fixed). Nevertheless, it requires a thorough understanding of the questions asked to inspect all the possible responses. The major challenge is to find the right balance for all phases of assessments to identify all sorts of trends and risks that are likely to occur. It will be a great supportive step through philosophical assumptions, strategies and risk that can be controlled in the future planning of the business and ultimately present a complex situation into a simpler picture CONCLUSION This essay provides an insight towards the qualitative and quantitative assessment in a risk assessment and the need to balance both. For every research conducted, we have to analyze the risk we can go through. All data collection must have a clear understanding of differences; it may be in qualitative or quantitative. Therefore, to analyze those risks we must have a clear understanding and a support of quantitative with qualitative assessments to explain every figure we have computed. acaps. (May 2012). Qualitative and Quantitative Research Techniques for Humanitarian Needs Assessment. acaps. Center for Teaching, R. . (n.d.). Qualitative Research Introduction. Washington, DC: Research Support Group at the Social Science Research Lab . Mack, N., Woodsong, C., MacQueen, K. M., Guest, G., Namey, E. (n.d.). Qualitative Research Methods: A DATA COLLECTORS FIELD GUIDE. Retrieved from fhi360: https://www.fhi360.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/Qualitative%20Research%20Methods%20-%20A%20Data%20Collectors%20Field%20Guide.pdf Northcote, A. K. (n.d.). The Struggle for Balance in the use of Quantitative and Qualitative Online Assessment Tasks. Australia. Rwegoshora, H. M. (2014). A Guide to Social Science Research. Dar es Salaam: Mkuki Na Nyota Publishers. Wissem, E. (2013). RISKS MANAGEMENT: NEW LITERATURE REVIEW. POLISH JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, 291.

Essay --

Our marriage may be over, but our family is not; doing what is best for the girls should be our most important priority. The first step to being a mature, responsible co-parent is to always put our children's needs ahead of our own. It is apparent that we do our best to be there for them as their mother and father. They are a product of both of us and they need both of us in their lives for their long-term well-being. It's been long due that we have a discussion in regards to the children's well being. I hope that in no way that the girls are to gain information or to be manipulated and influenced by either of us in a negative way. Also to not be emotional needy that they develops feelings of guilt or anxiety if or by spending time with one more than the other. Furthermore, not to depend too much on the girls for companionship and support because you are feeling hurt or lonely. I do not intend and I hope that there is no intent on sabotaging the girls relationship with either of us. All of these little problems adds up to huge burden on the children with a situation they cannot control and this could have long term effects on their mental health. They should not bear such a responsibility. It will promote feelings of helplessness and insecurity, causing them to question their own strengths, abilities, self-worth and confidence in future. As parents we should encourage ourselves to only speak positively about one another around or to the girls and there should be no discussion around them that furthers their insecurity such as what you did when I picked them up the other day. Issues of financial insecurity should be discussed private as adults and without the children present. We must agree on boundaries and behavioural guidel... ...ns: 1. The weekly schedule should be changed on a final basis so that all residency issues may be set aside. This should give the girls the stability they require. 2. That there be limited contact with the children when they are with the other parent so that time spent is quality time and there are no distractions and less emotional turmoil. 3. That you allow the children to sleep in their own beds on their own as it is causing disruption when I try to put them in bed on their own. 4. That the children should not be an emotional crutch by trying to convince them that whom is the more loving and responsible parent. As this ca only lead to more insecurity within them not wanting to disappoint either of us. Your understanding of these terms would go a long way towards the well-being of the children and that should be your only primary concern. Regards, Natalie

Comparison of Two Films About King Arthur Essay -- Film Movies Compare

Few works of literature or legend are as varied as that of King Arthur and his round table, forever retold by each generation. Without question, the defining work of Arthurian Literature is Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur. Morte d'Arthur is a compilation of all the King Arthur legends that existed before Malory. Malory tried to bring all the stories together into one cohesive whole. Morte d'Arthur is a trove of stories about magical encounters and various quests that is loosely centered on the rise and fall of King Arthur. Since it was written, there have been countless interpretations and adaptations. Today, we not only have countless Arthurian books, but many movies on the subject as well. In this paper I hope to compare and contrast two such Arthurian movies, Excalibur and King Arthur, and discuss what each film adds to the treasury of Arthurian lore. It is hard to believe that two completely opposite movies are based on the same literature. The movie Excalibur is like a modern day Morte d'Arthur, while the more recent King Arthur differs greatly from all former Arthurian works by attempting to be historically plausible. Excalibur Although Excalibur is based mostly on Malory, it also contains stories from Chrà ©tien de Troyes and Alfred, Lord Tennyson's Idylls of the King. The film takes scenes straight from Malory, but it also changes Malory slightly by condensing some of his many details and mixing them with stories from other Arthurian writers. It smoothes over many of Malorys contradictions then manages to throw in some plot twists of its own. Excalibur The first scene of the film introduces the most important symbol of the film, Excalibur. Throughout the entire movie at every critical juncture, Exc... ..."with machines." Two of her fingers were broken. Arthur receives another shock when he realizes that these ministrations were performed by a priest. The priest believes that to torture heathens is an act of kindness that would enable them to enter heaven. The final blow that completely crushes Arthur's belief in the Church is the news he receives on Pelagius' excommunication. How can the Church excommunicate a man who believes in such lofty and glorious ideas? Conclusion While Excalibur keeps both the content and form of Malory, King Arthur tries something new by trying to translate the barely-fitting together cacophony of Morte d'Arthur into a historically plausible film. Though Excalibur is more enjoyable to real King Arthur lovers, King Arthur is strangely refreshing in its extreme adaptation of the overused story, while being still familiar in its core.

Windflower by Gabrielle Roy Essay -- essays research papers

Windflower   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gabrielle Roy, the author of Windflower, shows us through her main character, Elsa Kumachuck, that isolation can have unfortunate effects on an individual and the people around them. We, as readers, are in the beginning given the impression that Elsa is a fit mother who is responsible and knows how to raise her child properly. Later on though, we realize that it's the influence of other people in her life and the experience of isolation later on that lead her to make the decisions that she does.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Elsa Kumachuck was at one time just a carefree teenager, going to the theater to watch movies, laughing with her friends, and discussing sex. Her whole life changes in one night though, when Elsa is raped by a GI soldier, and as a result, gets pregnant. Elsa experiences a very dramatic change in herself, both physically and emotionally, and seems to lose all interest in the things that she used to enjoy. When her baby, Jimmy, is born however, she appears to be herself again. She snaps out of her depression as she observes the little boy she has given birth to. The unique little boy with blond hair and blue eyes takes her breath away. It seemed that in giving life to her child she had restored her own life to herself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although Jimmy is a joy and a blessing to Elsa, he also creates a conflict for her. She does not know whether she should raise him as an Eskimo like herself, or white...

Institution

Institutions are establishments or organizations that contain individuals as a mechanism to maintain control and a secure environment. However, the institution can restrict to an extent of an individual's experience and liberty of the world, resulting in conflict against the institution. Though many individuals apply themselves towards the institution with the nature of compliance, other individuals may be restricted therefore behaving in a conflicting fashion towards the institution.This is demonstrated through Harper Lee’s â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† by concentrating the audience’s attention to the social inequality in Maycomb representing the communities institution. Similarly within Suzanne Collin’s novel â€Å"The Hunger Games†, the institutional government is illustrated and is explored through the situations face by the individuals contained in it. Furthermore, institutional confinements elaborate the hierarchical structure enhancing or limi ting an individual within the system.As represented in Harper Lee’s â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird†, a nature of compliance and defiance is evident within the town of Maycomb. Evaluating on this, the protagonist ‘Atticus’ depicts elements of defiance by resisting to the social means that are accustomed to in the community. Accounting for the institution’s behaviour of containment, people at the top of the institution have the ability of corruption. This is best demonstrated in the court scene where the racist views of the white residents of Maycomb are juxtaposed with Atticus Finch’s desire to represent a black client.The injustice that is present in Maycomb, is best addressed as Atticus challenges the jury to â€Å"do their duty, in the name of God†, as they decide whether Tom Robinson is guilty, despite the fact that there is no â€Å"probable cause† for supposedly raping Mayella Ewell, a white woman. This empathetic challenge by Atticus acts as the voice of reason against the racist, regressive elements of â€Å"southern† culture in the 1930’s. The institution, the town of Maycomb has been operating in a corrupt manner by segregated black and white communities within Maycomb.This segregation is again demonstrated in the court some exchanges, as the black citizen must stand in the stalls, whilst â€Å"white folk† cans sit on the same level as the judge and other court officials. In addition, Suzanne Collin’s â€Å"The Hunger Games† illustrates the nature of a governmental institution and how individuals are able to adapt or resist to the establishment. Within the novel, the protagonist Katniss Everdeen is elected to compete in the annual ‘Hunger Games’ a brutal competition containing individuals to signify the former defiance from the past districts.Through the protagonist’s portrayal of defiance, it is evident that one’s institutional thinking u ndergoes transformation, furthermore granting ability of opinion and greatly influencing an individual’s extent of restriction within the institution. This is supported through the statement of a participant of the games, â€Å"if I am going to die, I still want to be me†. Suzanne Collin uses this to express the emotions of a character experiencing the effects the institution, depicting the individuals as a tool or equipment used for manipulation and subsequently dehumanizing the individual.Conversely, within â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† the corrupted institution relies more on the community to progressively change people’s perspective rather than utilising threats. This is shown through the underlying nature of the public on how to behave within the town of Maycomb. Throughout the scene of the confrontation of Atticus Finch outside the town’s jail, the community’s men arise to form a mob creating a single identity. However, when the protago nist Atticus directs him individually towards a man, the man is shown to be contextually righteous and was only conforming to the society’s standards.This proposes the argument whether an institution is built on corruption demonstrated in â€Å"The Hunger Games† or is built on manipulation demonstrated in â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird†. Evaluating on the manner of both characteristics of each institution it is evident that they share common aspects. Throughout both texts it is apparent that institutional thinking and institutional behaviours derive from the different social rankings that individuals subconsciously acquire.

The Problem And Proposed Solutions

The Digital Divide debate encompasses issues that are of social, economic and political import. Meaning to say, the issues regarding the digital divide, as a phenomenon and as a current concern that needs to be addressed, is not merely limited to the issue of the existing disparity in terms of access to technology which transverses different sectors of society. This paper attempts to explicate the digital divide, the debate and the foundational issues concerning the phenomenon/problem.In line with the main task of this paper is the identification of the two most important obstacles that need to be overcome and the two important things that the government needs to create in dealing with the digital divide. In meeting the demands of a global economy, technological advancements especially in the field of telecommunications and information technology are key factors in making possible various transactions faster, cheaper, more reliable and convenient. Needless to say, these technological advances are important tools if companies and other business ventures are to survive in the digital economy.These technological advancements however, are evolving far too fast which consequently generate pressing problems that ought to be considered. On a preliminary note, the aforementioned rapid technological evolution poses serious questions if our societal structures can rapidly adapt to these changes and more importantly, if we, ourselves can rapidly adapt and be able to integrate for ourselves these changes. A good example is the Internet and the online community and it is to this topic that we shall now turn.A fuller understanding of the digital divide phenomenon necessitates an understanding of its underpinnings. As Pippa Norris contends, â€Å"the digital divide is understood as a multidimensional phenomenon encompassing three distinct aspects† (Norris). These three distinct aspects according to Norris are the global divide, social divide and democratic divide, resp ectively. Norris elucidates further, â€Å"The global divide refers to divergence of Internet access between industrialized and developing societies.The social divide concerns the gap between the information rich and poor in each nation. And lastly, within the online community, the democratic divide signifies the difference between those who do, and do not, use the panoply of digital resources to engage, mobilize and participate in public life† (Norris). One may thus infer that these three aspects related to the issue of ‘access’ to the Internet involve not mere social, but also economic and political considerations.In an article entitled, What is the Digital Divide, Harouna Ba makes a similar point as Norris. Ba writes, â€Å"lack of access to networked technology will result in a substantial segment of society having neither the skills nor the means to participate in the progressively more knowledge-based U. S. economy† (Ba). As Ba contends, there is a f elt need to address the issue of access along with the social, economic and political considerations that it entails. At this point, the emphasis is on what Norris calls disadvantaged communities.As mentioned earlier, these communities lack not merely access but also and more importantly, the necessary skills and the means to participate in the digital world. Ba identifies a number of obstacles in dealing with the digital divide phenomenon/problem. But, as I reckon it, in relation to the issue of access, the two most important obstacles in dealing with the digital divide are the issues of the disadvantaged communities’ not having the skills that are necessary and their lack of the means that are necessary.These two are barriers to technological access. One may thus infer that the issue of access only becomes a legitimate issue because of these two obstacles. Again, it is not merely a matter of providing the communities with a greater access to computers and the Internet by lo wering the cost of the hardware and software that hardware and software companies manufacture and sell in the market nor is it merely a matter of increasing the ratio of computers to students in our schools and other institutions of learning.This will not solve the digital divide. The solution to the problem lies on our capability to the address the needs of the disadvantaged communities. There is a need for intervention, so to speak. The government has a significant role in addressing these needs. However, the government’s intervention will not suffice. There is a need for a multi-sectoral cooperation in addressing the needs of disadvantaged communities. A crucial question comes into the scenario. What needs to be done?As Ba sees it, what is needed is to develop community-based technology programs that will support the needs of disadvantaged communities. Ba writes, â€Å"Community technology access models are often grounded on community needs and encompass multiple goals to strengthen neighborhoods, educate youth, promote economic development, connect individuals to the social and economic life of the community, and increase participation in civil society† (Ba). It is of utmost importance that we first assess the needs of the community so that we may provide the appropriate solutions.Furthermore, it is important that technology programs be based on the needs of disadvantaged communities so that these communities themselves may have the opportunity to identify and thereby, integrate what the vital functions of technology are to them and the opportunities that it can provide for them. Such an integration entails that a disadvantaged community sees the relevance of technology in their lives. It may thus be inferred that for Ba, the digital divide may be addressed by people empowerment.Our concerted efforts must be directed to empowering the disadvantaged sectors of society. How can this be done? People empowerment is made possible through community education. As Ba contends, there is a lot of work to be done especially in â€Å"the areas of learning and teaching with and/or about advanced technologies in informal settings for under-served communities† (Ba). This is one of the main reason why government initiatives and interventions in the past only had a limited success in dealing with the digital divide phenomenon.There indeed are initiatives and interventions but they do not address the problem. They miss the point, so to speak. As Ba notes, state governments attempt to address the digital divide via two government agencies; the Public Utility Commission (PUC) and the Department of Education. The PUC by appealing to telecommunication companies and the likes for universal service and the Department of Education by making provisions for computers in school for those students that do not have access to a computer and the Internet at home.These attempts miss the point because they have been made on the unfounded assumpti on that the digital divide issue is merely an issue of ‘access’ and thus, can be solved by making computers and the Internet more accessible to individuals. But what can these initiatives and interventions accomplish if in the first place, the problem is that individuals from disadvantaged sectors of society lack the necessary skills and the means to be able to access and thereby, utilize technology? The plain truth of the matter is that technology evolves much faster than society can adapt to it.Furthermore, why limit the provisions with the students? Why not youth in general? Why exclude out-of-school youth? This merely shows that the limited success of state initiatives and interventions may be explained by the fact that their assumption is unfounded and that their digital divide programs are not grounded on community needs and thus, ineffective. The digital divide phenomenon/problem is not merely a problem of access. The preceding discussion makes it clear that it i s not a mere matter of identifying â€Å"the have from the have not†.Even this distinction is grounded on further distinctions in terms of the social, economic and the political. These further distinctions albeit different from each other, are very closely interrelated that they all affect changes in the others. Human society is complex. It is not simply a social system. It is also a political system and every political system is also an economic system. The human mind too is complex. There are countless possibilities in terms of scientific and technological advancements. Science and technology evolves too fast.In contrast to science and technology, our societal structures and institutions do not. They do not because there are many other significant things to consider. Perhaps, this is the predicament of our time. Works Cited Ba, Harouna. â€Å"What Is Digital Divide†. August 20 2007. . Norris, Pippa. Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and the Inter net Worldwide (Communication, Society and Politics). Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2001.