Issues and Challenges Facing Retailing Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Issues and Challenges Facing Retailing - Article Example In order to enhance the effectiveness of digital retailing, the key factors that have to be considered by the retailers are availability of the latest products and services, transportation facilities for quick delivery and order fulfilment, easy payment mechanism, efficient logistics and distribution framework and cost-effectiveness. Contents Abstract 2 Introduction to retailing 4 Literature Review 5 Online retailing is the latest trend 6 Key drivers of online retail industry 6 Discussion 9 Limited potential for growth 9 High cost of delivery 10 Selection range trade-offs 11 Intense competition 11 Environmental impact of online retailing 12 Conclusion 12 References 14 Introduction to retailing In the consumer goods industry, retail has been playing a primary role in enhancing the productivity of the key players across the world. This retail sector has been expanding at an accelerating pace because the consumers are looking for convenience in the shopping arena. The significance of th is industry is evident in the contribution made in the economies of UK, Mexico, USA, China, Dubai, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Thailand; all of these countries have seen robust growth in their GDPs (Bell, Choi & Lodish, 2012). Some giant retail stores like Wal-Mart, Tesco, Kmart, Carrefour, Sainsbury’s and others have ensured that they provide the complete range of employment benefits to their personnel so that they can have an adequate standard of living while meeting all of their basic and mandatory requirements. Since 1990s, Internet has revolutionised the way in which organisations carry out their business activities; it has even impacted the retailing industry to a significant level. Internet in other words have changed the usual way of conducting business activities. As Internet is easily accessible by everyone with the help of the most up-to-date technological gadgets such as smartphones, tablets and etc., it has created the latest trend of online retailing. Internet has u sed the element of convenience for the customers and formed the aspect of online retailing for consumers. The pioneers of online retailing such as Amazon, BestBuy, eBay, Zulily and many more have ensured that the customers are provided the most sensational online shopping experience. These online organisations have proven their level of success and hence now we can observe many online retailing firms emerging in the market. There is constant improvements observe in the online businesses and also we can observe that the mode of payments are advanced and fully secure. In order to create a wholesome experience, the online stores are ensuring that they give utmost importance to each and every aspect of the e-retailing so that the customers are willing to increase their online purchases. According to a reputed research firm, Forrester, E-commerce is estimated to approach a figure of about $200 billion in terms of revenue alone in US which accounts for about 9% of the entire retail sector sales. There has been 5% increase in the retail sales as compared to its standing about five years ago (Rigby, 2011). Literature Review In the retailing industry, the retail stores are mainly classified in either of the two categories i.e. organised or unorganised. Within the organised sector, the retailers ensure that they provide the customers with the complete range of options from products to services so that they can take advantage of economies of scale and conveniently shop around the store. On the other hand,

Literature Survey on Advanced Aircraft Materials Essay

Literature Survey on Advanced Aircraft Materials - Essay Example The latter showed that the causes of the accident were metal fatigue. Experts detected multiple fatigue cracks in aircraft structure /Fildey, 1990/. Numerous site fatigue damage, which resulted in structural failure, were detected in the process of investigation. The investigation, conducted by the National Transportation Safety Board explained the accident by the inability of the operators maintenance program to detect corrosion damage /Miller, 1990 /. One of the possible interpretations of the problem was the function of lap joints to bond large panels of skin to one another. These lap points used to run longitudinally along the fuselage. It was supposed that there should be no problem of fatigue cracking due to the strong connection among the overlapping panels. Similar aircraft, which underwent thorough inspection, also showed disbonding, corrosion and cracking problems in the lap joints /Miller, 1990 /. Faying surfaces were torn separately in the course of the â€Å"pillowing†, which happened in the result of corrosion processes combined with the subsequent build-up of voluminous corrosion products inside the lap joints / Komorowski, 1996/. So, the main cause of the Boeing 737 air crush was defined structural failure: fatigue. This type pf failure is sometimes called â€Å"metal fatigue†, however, this is not precise as even plastic parts can undergo cyclic loading. Cyclic loading of a piece of metal or plastic first of all results in cracks, which further grow and expand. This in its turn leads to fracture /Pizzo, 1995 /. The next problem of main aircraft materials is corrosion, which happens in steel, aluminum and titanium. Except of the gross corrosion, which is particularly common to steel equipment, there also exists another type of corrosion, which is more subtle but not less dangerous /Pizzo, 1995 /. One of the most dangerous parts of corrosion is the one occurring in mated, moving parts. This results in

Job Satisfaction Among Ghanaian Mental Health Nurses

Job Satisfaction Among Ghanaian Mental Health Nurses 1.1 Background Study The main objective of this research is to evaluate the attitudes of Ghanaian mental health nurses and the level of job satisfaction in the three government psychiatric hospitals in Ghana. It has been identified that most people who suffer from mental illness are always vulnerable and at high risk of suffering from stigmatisation and discrimination. Mental health professionals such as nurses are always in contact with patients and their attitudes towards these patients can play a major factor in their recovery. This aspect of study has been neglected especially in developing countries like Ghana. This study is to try as much as possible to find out how the nurses’ attitudes affect their patients and the role job satisfaction plays. Over the years mental health has changed in many faces including the establishment of mental institutions, which has also gone through several changes in different countries thereby drastically reducing the number of psychiatric admissions in general hospitals. However, it is important for one to know if these changes reflect the attitudes of people towards mental illness especially mental health nurses. The perception of mental illness plays a major role in the psychiatric medical profession which several disputes on what should be classified as pathological and which should be seen as normal. These disputes have several consequences on the diagnosis, research, and policies concerning psychiatry and may also have some form of bias on the selection of treatments and prognosis due to the widespread of unauthentic ascriptions of the causes of the illness (Wakefield, 2007). According to World Health Organisation (WHO), mental health is â€Å"a state of well-being in which the individual realises his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community† (WHO 2001). There are several definitions by researchers on mental health, which is a fundamental aspect of well-being and quality of life and also a basic element of social structure, productivity, peace and stability in the environment (WHO, 2005). This definition by WHO stresses on the positive scopes of mental health and Shives (2008) also states that mental health is a positive state in which each and everybody is responsible, self-directive and displays self-awareness where ones behaviour is generally accepted within a group. However Bryne (2000) stated that multiple factors influence the level of mental health of person at any point in time and one of the major hindrances to the realisation of positive health and well being leads to stigma. Mental illness is a psychological response to stress that interferes with or inhibits a person’s ability to easily meet human needs and functions within a culture (NSW, Department of Health, 2007). Moreover, the American Psychiatric Association also defines mental illness as a â€Å"clinically significant behaviour and psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual associated with present distress, disability or loss of freedom† (Bryne, 2000). Mental illness is a major contributor to the burden of disease internationally, which has a major influence on the disability, co-morbidity, and mortality being experienced globally (CAMIMH 2007, Lauber Sartorius 2007). World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that about 450million people will suffer from some form of mental disorder with 13% of the global disease burden being made of schizophrenia, depression, epilepsy, dementia, alcohol dependence, neurological and substance-abuse disorders which exceeds both cardiovascular disease and cancer (National Institute of Health) moreover people with mental illness are more likely to be at risk of other health conditions as well. It is estimated that at least one member in every four families has a mental disorder and the primary caregivers of those affected are the family members and this brings some form of burden to these families, which are mostly ignored (WHO, 2010). Depression is estimated to be the second highest cause of disease burden in middle-income countries and the third highest in low-income countries by 2030 (WHO, 2010). Moreover, in addition to the health and social cost, which is a problem, there is also the victimisation of human rights violation, stigmatisation and discrimination of people with mental illness, which occurs both inside, and outside of psychiatric institutions (WHO, 2010). According some researchers, people with mental illness are at increased risk of drifting into or remaining in poverty through increased health expenditure, reduced stigma and loss of employment and associated earnings (Lund et al, 2911). This puts lots of pressure on people with mental illness and their families especially in low income or developing countries where it is more stressful (NSW, Department of Health, 2007). People diagnosed with mental illness are looked at differently in the world as compared to people who are diagnosed with general health problems. Thus most people have the impression that mental illness patients are strange, frightening, unpredictable, aggressive and lack self-control especially those diagnosed with mental disorders such as schizophrenia which is always associated with negative stereotypes of being very aggressive and dangerous (Crisp et al, 2000). Individuals suffering from mental illness for some time now have been at a higher risk of experiencing prejudice and discrimination and most of these prejudice leads to stigmatisation even within health institutions (Linden and Kavanagh, 2011). Prejudice can be said to be an emotional response to stereotypes which is tolerated where stereotypes are mostly unfavourable intercessions used to describe a group or persons based on their merits thus leading to discrimination which is the real behaviour based on prejudice (Lauber et al, 2006). Stigma and prejudice mostly play a basic role in the abuse of human right, which is sadly still being practiced, in some psychiatric institutions and care homes and remain the basis of mental health organisations in some developing countries in the world. Goffman (1963) cited in (Newton-Howes et al, 2008) describes stigma as a mark of shame or dishonour which can have a negative self esteem and appraisal on a the person thereby becoming a hindrance to recovery, moreover Gray (2002) also stated that, stigma was originally used to mark Greek slaves separating them from men. The stigma of mental illness although more often is related to context than to person’s appearance, still remains a powerful negative attribute in all social relations (Bryne, 2000) and the stigma of mental illness comes from the possession of a devalued attribute of an individual which is seen by society as a hostile response (Goffman, 1963) cited in (Newton-Howes et al, 2008). World Health Organisation (2011) states that stigmatisation of mentally ill patients by the healthcare providers is the worst form of stigma which affects the quality and rate of recovery. There are several evidence from other studies conducted by researchers from other populations which proves that stigma can sometimes been seen to pervade professional groups including mental health nurses. Research by Read and Harre (2001), found that negative attitudes are mostly displayed by mental health nurses towards patients who are disturbed which is mostly present in the patients at acute level of their illness. Health professionals mostly come into contact with people with mental illness regularly and they play an important role in shaping attitudes towards mental ill people. Moreover, these health professionals serve as a role model on how to approach people with mental illness however Schulze (2007), states that healthcare professionals have been identified to assume three main positions when it comes to stigmatisation and these include people with mental illness being stigmatised, they being stigmatised by their own association with mental illness and finally playing the role of advocator’s or de-stigmatises. Stigma affects the progression and healing of people with mental illness according to Perlick et al, (2001) and the loss of income, low self-esteem, loneliness, isolation, delayed seeking of treatment and many more are the results of stigma and discrimination towards people with mental illness (Sharac et al, 2010; illac et al, 2011). Creating major campaign of the awareness of stigmatising attitudes will support healthcare workers to be more reflective in the treatment methods towards people with mental illness. Sartorius (2007) stated that, people who suffer from mental illness do not frequently pursue treatment due to the fact that healthcare professionals including nurses are considered prime contributors of stigma and discrimination. Some staff who have been given special training in taking care of people with mental illness do hold negative stigmatising attitudes towards their patients as well which proves that stigma is not only held by individuals with lack of knowledge about mental illness even though educational intervention can help reduce its effect in the community or country as a whole (Burti and Mosher, 2003; Pinfold et al, 2003). Mental health services in Ghana are not well recognised as there are lots of inequalities in the provision of resources for this sector as compared to the needs of the general hospitals. Moreover there is still lack of knowledge about mental illness, which is a major contributor of stigma towards people affected with mental illness and the healthcare professionals who even take care of them. The population of Ghana has increased extremely since the country’s independence from 1957 resulting in the growing number of people suffering from mental illness (Ghana Statistical Service, 2003). Mental health service in Ghana is mostly available in primary health care yet the majority of care is provided through specialised psychiatric hospitals of which there are three (3) all located in the southern part of the country providing 7.08beds per 100,000 populations (Ghana Health Service, 2012). The WHO estimates that out of the 21.6 million Ghanaians, about 650, 000 are believed to be suffering from some form of severe mental disorder and 2,166, 000 are suffering from moderate to mild form of mental illness (WHO, 2007). Nevertheless, this estimate has not been recognised as a serious health issues and Ghana has not yet developed facilities and public health services including mental health care to keep up with the growing demand of these services and population expansion (Offori-Attah et al. 2010). According to the WHO Atlas Survey about 65% of beds in the psychiatric hospitals, are extremely unsatisfactory. The ratio of these beds in Accra the capital city of Ghana is 6.21:1 thus the total number of beds to the rest of the country indicating a high intensity of resources in the capital (Ofori-Atta et al, 2010). WHO has also reported that most psychiatric hospitals have scarce, undignified, and even harmful practices as well as unhygienic and inhuman living conditions (WHO, 2003). The main focus of psychiatric care today in the world is mainly on a number of key conditions such tolerance and non-discrimination being one of the most important aspect (Hannigan, 1999). Inadequate knowledge about mental illness and negative attitudes mostly towards individuals suffering from mental illness has been noted to be prevalent in the general public (Nordt, Rossler and Luber, 2006) thus most major research of attitudes towards people with mental illness has been mainly focused on the general public with the opinions of professionals who come into contact with the mentally ill specifically mental health workers recently being highlighted (Angermeyer Dietrich, 2006). Numerous challenges faced by mental health institutions such as lack of resources, increased work load and shortage of staffs put lots of burden on the nurses which negatively affects the quality of nursing care given to these patients therefore positive changes in mental health services will go a long way to impact on the role and practice of mental health nursing (Cleary, Walter and Hunt, 2005). Low job satisfaction plays a major role in the outcome of patients’ care and there have been lack of research in the country concerning this. Job satisfaction of healthcare professionals is a very important aspect that should not be neglected as it can affect the outcome of care given to these patients. Moreover, there are lots of evidence gaps in the country concerning mental health issues and that is the why it is important to conduct this research in order to fill some of these gaps. Job satisfaction is a complex situation, which can be construed, and it involves the absence of pain, oppressiveness and intolerance as well as enjoyment (Sultana and Begum, 2001). Studies on job satisfaction are mostly based on fountains of emotional response of the employees which is linked with some socio-cultural institutions and the personal elements such as pay, promotion, supervision, benefits, nature of work, co-workers, working condition, social status and many more (Sultana and Begum, 2001). 1.2 RATIONALE Research fills a very important aspect in the society where discoveries are made as well as confirming or rejecting ideas, controlling or predicting events and developing or refining theories. Thus one develops knowledge as a result of these functions from research. It is unsurprising that human right abuse is mostly related to the poor standard of mental health care in low-income countries such as Ghana and the need for ways to restraint is the most obvious choice for healthcare professionals in the absence of neuroleptics (Read, Adiibokah and Nyame, 2009). Studying the attitudes of healthcare professionals especially in the field of mental illness is important. According to Baker et al (2005), attitudes are made of cognitive, affective, and behavioural components, which are activated due to exposure of stimulus or objects. Moreover, the quality of nursing care provided by mental health professionals can be influenced by the attitudes of the nurses towards these patients (Baker, 2008). There have been several campaigns to change negative attitudes and promote positive attitudes towards mental health problems by some countries, which include the United States, New Zealand, United Kingdom, and India (Royal College of Psychiatrist (2001) and World Psychiatrist Association (2001). Ghana health service (GHS) is the main provider of biomedical care for mental illness in the country however there are just three government psychiatric hospitals in the country providing free healthcare for patients which are all located in the south of the country serving over 21million Ghanaians. All three hospitals have suffered from lack of resources to overcrowding with the end results being poor quality of healthcare. The status of mental health nurses in some communities is low and the advantage of being part of this profession has been dent with some form of stigma such as stigma by association or courtesy stigma (Hinshaw 2007, Thornicroft 2007, Halter 2008) whereby professionals associated with the care of people suffering from mental illness are judged by the same stereotyping stigma. It is therefore very important to explore the theoretical relationship between job satisfaction and professionals stigma towards mental illness. The focus of this study is to address some of the gaps in mental health concerning stigma and job satisfaction mental health nurses are facing in Ghana. The findings of this study will be a stepping stone to address issues that will come out as a result of the study or re-enforce any positive findings as well. The outcomes of this study may allow a greater understanding of how these attitudes are connected and the realistic outcomes can help to the strategize anti-stigma campaigns such as identifying shortfalls of certain groups or identifying logical way 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION To what extent do mental health nurses in Ghana stigmatise people with mental illness? What personal and professional background factors (including job satisfaction) explain the attitudes that Ghanaian mental health nurses have towards mental illness? What characteristics are associated with nurses’ attitudes towards mental illness? What is the rate of job satisfaction in mental health nursing and does it affect the care patients receive? 1.4 OBJECTIVES The main objective of this research is to evaluate the attitudes of psychiatric nurses in Ghana towards the care of mentally ill patients. The specific objectives are as follow: To identify the relationship and levels of job satisfaction and stigma towards psychiatric patients among Ghanaian mental health nurses. To determine prevalence of stigma among mental health nurses in Ghana. To explore the rate of job satisfaction in mental health nursing and the impact it has on the attitudes of nursing providing care for patients. To examine the characteristics associated with the attitudes on mental health nurses in Ghana. To disseminate findings to increase awareness and knowledge among healthcare professionals’ especially mental health nurses. The findings of this study will be used to: Develop programs and strategies to reduce stigma. Help create awareness of stigma in healthcare professionals. Develop policies to reduce stress in the hospitals. Suggest improvements/amendments to existing mental health policies. 1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS The following research hypothesis was formulated for testing: the researcher hypothesised that the more psychiatric nurses are satisfied with their job, the more they will exhibit positive attitude towards mental ill patients. The researcher also hypothesise that the more psychiatric nurses are stigmatised about their job, the quality of care they provide will be less and they will exhibit negative attitudes towards their patients

The Clifford Ball :: essays research papers

The Clifford Ball The Ball, the ball, the ball. The Clifford Ball 1996, the greatest musical performance I've ever witnessed, a time I'll never forget. "Where the fuck is Plattsburg, New York?" That was the main concern on a warm summer afternoon, as we began to pack up the car for a trip that will remain crisp in my mind better then vacation I've ever been on. It was Tom, Tim, Joe, Beau, Tom' brother Steve, Alex who flew in from Wisconsin, Tim's brother Sean and myself Tony. The weather couldn't been better, the mood...excitement, joy, and a little nervousness. After all it was my first Phish show, and Tom was the only other one out of us all who had seen a Phish show. I had always liked phish, but I was always reluctant to get tix for a show, I figured I could wait till they came to Giant Stadium, or The Meadowlands. One day I decided â€Å" What the hell!!† Plattsburg was a good 6 hours up I-87 from quiet River Vale, New Jersey. So we spent most of the afternoon at Shop-rite, Campmor, and Ramsey outdoor. We had sleeping bags, coolers of beer, soda, food, and more beer, tents, stoves, lanterns, bug torches, and clothes. At around 12 midnite Friday morning we hit the road and embarked, on what would be a scared trip. Tom drove the van with his brother and myself. Tim in his red Festiva with Joe and Sean, and Beau in his blue Festiva with Alex. Stopping only to piss and re-fuel, we busted up to Plattsburg, arriving around 6am. It was amazing to see all the VW Westvalias up I-87 with Steal you Face, and dancing bear stickers. Once arriving, we picked a spot to set camp (out of the Wetlands of course) We followed the lead of crickets bouncing gently round room to a nice spot. Close to the potable water, yet far enough from the rank smell of port-a-jons. Then we got some needed sleep. We woke up around 1pm and I opened my eyes to my suprise...100,000 other people arrived while we were asleep!!! Didn't bother me, the more the merry. It was really strange. Once I stepped out of the tent, I think I left something behind. I didn't have a care in the world. I forgot about my job, my house, my life back home. I WAS AT A PHISH SHOW, that's all that mattered. Yeah, in an ordinary situation, the crickets would have bothered me. I liked um. The real freaky people that lived off acid and trying to get that one miracle would

Paper Publishing Versus Electronic Publishing

Our world evolves in a very fast manner: from our household to outside jobs to recreation. All works concerned time efficiency and how works are to be done in the fastest way we can but not restraining the good quality of the product. All information, literary works and other works concerning anything under the sun relevant to mankind must be accounted for. Upon considering all information, literary works, and other works, it should be known to public by disseminating it. Publishing is the best way to communicate and disseminate information and works to the people. Traditionally, paper publishing do all the works when it comes to publication may it be news, literary works, musical works, and others. At present, the use of paper media in publishing is still enormous. However, considering the vastness of cost in using paper as a medium in publishing, then alternatives should be considered. Electronic publishing is the best alternative the web can give which has its appealing qualities and products. The evidence of its appealing features and products relies on the availability of the topic to be found. Electronic publishing make sure that their products and works are easy to access by its consumers thus providing them a lesser time in finding any information. Electronic publishing also has a wide range of links for a specific topic. Through the use of the web more information are readily access linking a particular topic to a more specific one. This makes the consumers or readers lessen the wasted time and have that excess time be useful in other activities. Due to the reasons discussed, it is evident that newspaper and book publishers convert their primary product into electronic publishing. Time, quality and reliability must coincide in choosing what to patronize when it regards to the news, literary works and other related works. The fastest the reliable information is to be disseminated the more consumers will trust and the better our world will be. References: Lawrence.http://www.idemployee.id.tue.nl/g.w.m.rauterberg/publications/CITESEER2001online-nature.pdf. retrieved July 25, 2007 Â   Â  

Critical Path

Graduate Institute of Construction Engineering and Management, National Central University, No. 300, Jhongda Rd. , Jhongli City, Taoyuan County 32001, Taiwan b R&D Center for Construction Project Management, Chung Hua University, No. 707, Sec. 2, WuFu Rd. , Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan Received 7 February 2010; received in revised form 12 June 2011; accepted 16 June 2011 Abstract Assessing schedule delay's impact on total project duration to distribute delay liability remains a controversy.None of existing delay analysis methods is perfect because including an element of assumptions, subjective assessment and theoretical projection. Windows-based delay analysis methods are excellent in identifying and measuring construction schedule delays. Based on a previous study identifying potential problems in available windows-based delay analysis methods, this study proposes an innovative windows-based delay analysis method, called the effect-based delay analysis method (the EDAM method).The EDAM meth od performs delay analysis using extracted windows and determines delay impacts by considering the effects of delays on the critical path(s). According to its application to hypothetical cases and comparisons with other methods, the EDAM method is efficient in delay analysis and effective in solving concurrent delays and determining schedule shortened. The proposed EDAM method is a good alternative for schedule delay analysis for construction projects.  © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. and IPMA. All rights reserved. Keywords: Delay analysis; Claim; Schedule analysis; Construction project 1.Introduction Construction projects generally have highly complicated situations during execution, involve many project stakeholders and interfaces, and are influenced by many external factors. Therefore, schedule delays in construction projects are common and affect total project duration in unpredictable ways. Delay information and evidence are usually recorded and represented in different records, documen ts and schedules during the construction phase. Selecting a suitable delay analysis method and analyzing delay information accurately are essential tasks in any delayed construction project.Current delay analysis methods analyze delay liabilities based on delay information and evidence. Various analysis methods have been developed, such as global impact, as-planned, impacted as-planned, net ? Corresponding author. Tel. : +886 3 4227151Ãâ€"34040; fax: +886 3 4257092. E-mail address: [email  protected] edu. tw (J. -B. Yang). impact, time impact, collapsing, isolated delay type, snapshot, window analysis and isolated collapsed but-for (Bordoli and Baldwin, 1998; Gothand, 2003; Hegazy and Zhang, 2005; Kim et al. 2005; Mbabazi et al. , 2005; Ng et al. , 2004; Yang and Yin, 2009; Zack, 2001). Farrow (2007) had clearly claimed that none of the delay analysis methodologies is perfect because they all include an element of assumptions, subjective assessment, and theoretical projection. Ge nerally, a delay analysis method attempts to discover delay information derived from as-planned and as-built schedules, those are the bases for resolving delay disputes and claims.However, existing delay analysis methods still have the following shortcomings: (1) concurrent delays cannot be recognized or calculated by some of existing methods; (2) the critical path method cannot be executed in analysis and critical path changes cannot be considered; (3) the relative cost of float consumption is not considered; (4) analysis is not contemporaneous with delay timing; and (5) most methods focus only on the delayed activities, and ignoring the effects of time-shortened activities on total project duration (Arditi and Pattanakitchamroon, 263-7863/$ – see front matter  © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. and IPMA. All rights reserved. doi:10. 1016/j. ijproman. 2011. 06. 003 386 J. -B. Yang, C. -K. Kao / International Journal of Project Management 30 (2012) 385–397 2006; Bordoli and Baldwi n, 1998; Gothand, 2003; Mbabazi et al. , 2005; Ng et al. , 2004; Yang and Yin, 2009). Furthermore, Arditi and Pattanakitchamroon (2006), in discussing how to select a delay analysis method, concluded that selecting a feasible analysis method depends on a variety of factors, including information availability, time of analysis, methodology apabilities, time, funds and effort allocated for analysis. Based on a empirical study in UK, six group factors (project characteristics, contractual requirements, characteristics of baseline program, cost proportionality, timing of the analysis and record availability) influencing the selection of delay analysis methodologies were identified (Braimah and Ndekugri, 2008). In summary, although some advanced delay analysis methods have been developed, including a few commercial systems, existing delay analysis methods cannot satisfy the practical requirements of delay analysis.That is, practitioners still require an alternative method for complex cas es. Windows-based delay analysis methods perform delay analysis according to some extracted time frames, called windows. Traditional windows-based method, the windows analysis method, has been recognized as the most creditable delay analysis method (Gothand, 2003; Kim et al. , 2005). US courts have generally accepted some types of windows-based method, as they can calculate the impact of various delays, namely, the non-excusable delays (NE delays) and excusable delays (ED delays).Based on the viewpoint of a contractor, excusable delays are further divided into excusable compensable delays (EC delays) and excusable non-compensable delays (EN delays) (Zack, 2000; Mohan and Al-Gahtani, 2006). For above delay types, analysis results generated by windows-based methods provide a clear liability allocation to contract parties. This information is valuable for dispute resolution. For a complex construction project, three types of delays (NE, EC and EN delays), might exist simultaneously.Whi le the information for identifying all types of delays is available, the allocation of total project delay to above delay types provides more clear delay liability identification. Furthermore, for a contractor, to allocate all delays into these delay types improves its ability to get possible delayed-related expenditure back although the situations for compensable/non-compensable depend primarily on the terms of the contract (Trauner et al. , 2009). It is beneficial to a contractor to distinguish compensable and non-compensable delays. Namely, a perfect delay analysis method is targeted to identify these delay types accurately.To provide an alternative delay analysis method for resolving concurrent delays and liability distribution problems and for overcoming the time-consuming drawback of analyzing delays in a day-by-day manner, this study proposes a novel windows-based delay analysis method, called the effect-based delay analysis method (EDAM), which is a systematic analysis metho d that considers the impact of delays on the critical path(s) of a project. 2. Available windows-based delay analysis methods Several windows-based delay analysis methods have been developed in the past two decades.All windows-based delay analysis methods can be divided into two categories: (1) performing delay analysis starting backward from an as-built schedule and (2) performing delay analysis starting forward from an as-planned schedule. The popular methods in the category of starting forward from an as-planned schedule include the windows analysis method (called traditional windows analysis (TWA) hereinafter), the modified windows analysis (MWA) method, the delay analysis method using delay section (DAMUDS) method and the daily windows delay analysis (DWDA) method.The TWA method performs delay analysis using extracted schedule windows, rather than by analyzing delay events in a one-by-one manner forward from the as-planned schedule or backward from the as-built schedule. The MW A method improves analytical processes by the TWA method and uses algorithms to calculate delay liability. The DAMUDS method tries to overcome two limitations in existing methods, namely inadequate accounting of concurrent delays and inadequate accounting of time-shortened activities.The DWDA method calculates clear delay liabilities to the contractor and owner based on day-by-day delay analysis of critical path(s) along the project duration. Kao and Yang (2009) compared the above four windowsbased delay analysis methods using an illustrative case. They determined that the four methods are dynamic delay analysis methods that perform real-time critical path analysis. The TWA and MWA methods are less reliable than the DAMUDS and DWDA methods, since they may lose essential information when the analysis period is long and may be unable to detect critical path changes.The DWDA method analyzes delay information in a day-by-day manner that is the same as as-built situations, but requires c onsiderable effort during analysis. The DAMUDS method is more efficient than the DWDA method even though both yield the same analysis results. Detailed compared information can be found elsewhere (Kao and Yang, 2009). Other windows-based methods belonging to the category of starting backward from an as-built schedule, such as the isolated collapsed but-for delay analysis method (Yang and Yin, 2009), have been developed for facilitating delay analysis problems by similar approaches.However, these methods perform delay analysis moving backward from an as-built schedule, not forward from an as-planned schedule. The approaches of using as-planned schedule or as-built schedule may derive different final analytical results. This study does not compare the results by the methods belonging to the category of starting backward from an as-built schedule to those by the developed EDAM method. 3. Problems in windows-based delay analysis methods 3. 1. Unable to identify critical path changes In general, whether an activity is on a critical path is an important signal when identifying its delay impact on total project duration.During the construction phase of a construction project, many situations e. g. , change order, activity appending or deleting by different site conditions, and critical path changes, affect the outcome of delay analysis. In J. -B. Yang, C. -K. Kao / International Journal of Project Management 30 (2012) 385–397 387 considering delay information only for those activities on the critical path(s) in the as-planned schedule, existing windowsbased delay analysis methods may ignore essential delay information from activities during critical path changes. 3. 2.Incapable of dealing with complicated delay situations An ideal delay analysis method should calculate delay information quickly, accurately and stably. Some windowsbased delay analysis methods perform delay analysis based on arbitrarily extracted windows, while others deal with limited delay sit uations. As construction projects become increasingly complex, proper delay analysis methods should deal with complicated delay situations (i. e. , concurrent delays, project acceleration and compression). Approaches for window extraction by the some mentioned windows-based delay analysis methods cannot effectively deal with complex delay situations. . 3. Inefficient delay analysis Windows-based delay analysis methods perform analysis using extracted windows. The times of delay analysis for different methods vary. The rule by the TWA and MWA methods is to select timing subjectively. Conversely, the DAMUDS and DWDA methods select analysis windows objectively. For a complicated delay case, the TWA and MWA methods might obtain wrong results when using inadequate windows; thus the DAMUDS and DWDA methods may waste considerable calculation effort due to numerous windows in a complex project with long duration.How to intelligently select analysis windows for available windowsbased delay a nalysis methods puzzles a delay analyst. 3. 4. Unclear liability allocation Available windows-based delay analysis methods can identify concurrent delays, but cannot clearly allocate delay liability. For example, the DAMUDS method uses the concept of contractor's float to represent the effects of a contractor on schedule management. Although the DAMUDS method can identify concurrent delays based on a contractor's perspective, it does not provide a clear liability allocation approach. 4.Methodology development 4. 1. Innovative concept To provide an alternative method for dealing with problems in existing windows-based delay analysis methods, this study proposes a novel windows-based delay analysis method, the EDAM method, which is a systematic analysis method based on existing windows-based delay analysis methods. The EDAM method performs delay analysis using extracted windows and determines delay impacts by considering the effects of delays on the critical path. Although the analyti cal processes of the EDAM method are similar to those in other method, the EDAM ethod solves the problems mentioned previously. The EDAM method consists of analytical procedures with baseline schedule development and algorithms for liability identification and calculation. 4. 2. Analytical procedures Fig. 1 shows the analytical processes in the EDAM method. The EDAM method uses an as-planned schedule as a basis for delay analysis, and requires clearly identified delay attributes (delay start, finish and liability) for delay liability calculation. Before delay impact calculation, the EDAM method applies the critical path method to determine a comparison baseline.Based on this comparison baseline, the EDAM method performs schedule analysis by considering two situations: with and without a delay in an analyzed period. If no delay occurred in an analyzed period, the EDAM method considers whether the performance of project acceleration exists. If a delay is identified in an analyzed peri od, a day-by-day delay analysis is executed to calculate the impact of a delay when the delay is on a critical path. In delay impact calculation, the concurrent delay is detected and its liability is then assigned to contract parties.Similar to the other windows-based methods, the EDAM method performs delay analysis using two viewpoints, namely, those of owner and contractor. Therefore, the EDAM method allocates delay liability for each contract party and collects the performance of project acceleration by the contractor for each analyzed period. The EDAM method performs schedule analysis until all analysis periods are complete. 4. 3. Baseline schedule development approach A baseline for delay impact calculation is determined using the following four approaches which determine the duration, start date, and finish date for each activity. Completed activity. The start and finish dates for completed activities are assigned based on actual start and finish dates in which delay informati on is embedded. †¢ Started-without-delay activity. For un-delayed started activities, start dates are assigned based on actual start dates; finish dates are determined based on actual start dates plus consumed activity duration with remaining duration (asplanned duration minus consumed duration). †¢ Started-with-delay activity.For those delayed but started activities, start dates are assigned based on actual start dates; finish dates are determined using actual start dates plus the consumed activity duration, delayed duration and remaining duration. †¢ Un-started activity. For activities not yet started, their start and finish dates are determined by their predecessors by considering predetermined logic relationships with the asplanned duration. 4. 4. Approach for determining analysis timing For solving the limitations of existing windows-based delay analysis methods in window determination depicted in 388 J. -B. Yang, C. -K.Kao / International Journal of Project Mana gement 30 (2012) 385–397 Preparing the as-planned schedule Identifying delay attributes and determining analysis periods Updating schedule-related information Performing CPM calculation Analyzing the difference between updated and baseline schedules A period with out delay A period with delay Analyzing delay impact day-by-day Identifying the number of critical activity No shortening performance NO Project schedule shortening? YES Calculating the performance of schedule shortening NO Concurrent delay? YES Allocating liability of concurrent delay NO NO Delay on CP?YES Two or more delays? YES Cumulating schedule variance Identified delay impact Identified schedule shortening performance Calculating delay liability Final period? YES Summarizing analysis results NO Fig. 1. Delay analysis processes for EDAM. Section 3. 3, the proposed method has an approach to determine the timing for delay analysis. This approach considers the following two situations when determining analysis tim ing. †¢ No delay occurred. In this situation, the time frame without a delay event is designated as a single analysis period. Therefore, all activities have actual durations that are the ame as planned durations. Moreover, if an activity's duration is shorter than the planned duration, the performance of project acceleration is considered. †¢ Delay occurred. To accurately calculate delay effects on a construction project, the minimum time frame, i. e. , a day or a week depending on the contract, should be considered. J. -B. Yang, C. -K. Kao / International Journal of Project Management 30 (2012) 385–397 389 4. 5. Algorithms for liability identification and calculation The EDAM method calculates projected project total duration (Duribase) using Eq. 1) among each analysis period, in which Duriact1 is the actual consumed duration of the previous ? analysis period; Duriremained is the remaining duration for all unfinished activities considering logic relationships in th e asplanned schedule. Moreover, the EDAM method uses Eqs. (2) and (3) to determine the impacted project duration while considering the liabilities for the owner (Duriown ) and contractor (Duricon). In those two equations, anticipated total project duration (Duribase) is calculated by Eq. (1); DuriNE, DuriENand DuriEC represent the impact from an NE delay, an EN delay and an EC delay, respectively.Based on calculation results by Eqs. (2) and (3), the extended duration considering the liabilities of the owner and contractor are determined. Therefore, in each delay analysis period, delay liability for the owner (Dutyiown ) and contractor (Dutyicon) is calculated using an apportioned duration minus the original anticipated project completion duration, as in Eqs. (4) and (5). After determining the delay liability in each analysis period, the EDAM method summarizes project delay liability for each contract party (Duty ownfor the owner and Duty con for the contractor) from all analyzed per iods using Eqs. 6) and (7). act Duribase = Duri? 1 + Duriremained first condition is that only one delay event occurred in a time frame; the second condition is two or more delay events occurred concurrently. In the first condition, an activity with zero or negative remaining total float is responsible for the project delay; otherwise, the analyzed activity only consumes its usable float. In the second condition, if multiple delays occurred in an analyzed time frame, a further consideration for allocating delay liability is required. Thus, the EDAM method uses Eqs. 9) and (10) to allocate liability for a concurrent delay. The approach of allocating delay liability uses the ratio of a concurrent delay's delay value to the total delay values on the critical path. Although the calculation results may be some whole days with a decimal, considering the right ratio of delay liability on the critical path, the proposed method does not round up the analytical results. PSTjcon = Durjplanned ? Durjact ? TFjremained 0 CDown = ? i=1 n ?8? 1 DuriCP ? j=1 m A n B A CDEN + CDEC = ? BDuriEN ? i i @ i=1 DurjCP C C A ?9? ?1? ?2? ?3? ?4? ?5? 0 n B + ? BDuriEC ? i=1 1 DuriCP C C m A ? DurjCP j=1 A A Duriown = Duribase + DuriEN + DuriEC Duricon = Duribase + DuriNE Dutyown i Duriown ? Duribase 0 n n B CDcon = ? CDNE = ? BDuriNE ? i @ i=1 i=1 m 1 DuriCP C C: A ? DurjCP ? 10? = j=1 Dutycon = Duricon ? Duribase i n Dutyown = ? Dutyown i i=1 ?6? Dutycon = ? Dutycon i i=1 n ?7? For the apportionment of concurrent delay liability, several studies (Kraiem and Diekmann, 1987; Arditi and Robinson, 1995) have proposed varied rules. Ibbs et al. (2010) proposed that a recent trend in concurrent delays is to advocate an equitable apportionment (i. e. eaning apportionment of days and/or dollars). This fair apportionment has been described as â€Å"fail rule† or â€Å"comparative negligence† (Ibbs et al. , 2010). The proposed method for apportionment of concurrent delays supports th e fail apportionment. 5. Hypothetical Case Study Hypothetical case studies have been widely used for similar studies in literature (i. e. , Hegazy and Zhang, 2005; de la Garza et al. , 2007; Sakka and El-Sayegh, 2007; Nguyen and Ibbs, 2008; Ibbs et al. , 2010), therefore, this study uses hypothetical projects to demonstrate the capabilities of proposed EDAM method.Furthermore, for comparing the results by other windows-based methods and the proposed method, a hypothetical case used in literature is examined in this study. In addition to considering the impacts of delay events, the EDAM method uses Eq. (8) to determine the performance of project acceleration by a contractor in an analyzed period when no delay exists and the value calculated by Eq. (5) is negative. In Eq. (8), TFjremained is the remaining total float for the analyzed activity. As projects are typically managed by a contractor not an owner, the EDAM method does not calculate the project acceleration performance from an owner.To determine the effect of delay event(s) on total project duration, two conditions must be considered independently. The 390 J. -B. Yang, C. -K. Kao / International Journal of Project Management 30 (2012) 385–397 Table 1 Information of as-planned and as-built schedules for test case. Act. As-planned information Duration (day) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7 5 7 9 6 4 3 9 5 3 Predecessor Start day 1 1 8 6 6 15 15 12 19 21 Finish day 7 5 14 14 11 18 17 20 23 23 As-built information Duration (day) 11 10 12 9 15 6 5 11 12 5 Actual start day 1 1 12 11 11 24 20 26 30 37 Actual finish day 11 10 23 19 25 29 24 36 41 41 5. 1.Case description This study applies the EDAM method and four other windows-based methods to a modified test case (Fig. 2), originally developed by Kraiem and Diekmann (1987) and examined by Alkass et al. (1996) and Kao and Yang (2009). This test case has ten activities and an original total duration of 23 days. Based on critical path calculation, the test case has two critical paths, namely the paths of activities 1 > 3 > 6 > 9 and 2 > 5 > 8 > 10. The project was finally completed in 41 days, with 18 days of delays. Table 1 shows the planned and actual activity information for duration, start date, finish date and logical relationships.Table 2 shows delay events, classified as NE, EN and EC delays affecting all activities. To explain the effects of all delay events on each activity, the as-planned and as-built schedules are organized as Fig. 3 and adopted for delay analysis. 5. 2. Summary analytical procedures According to the processes shown in Fig. 1, this study performed delay analysis for the test case. For each delay analysis scenario in Fig. 4, Eqs. (1) to (3) are used to determine anticipated project duration, the impacted duration considering one delay caused by the owner or contractor, respectively.Consequently, the EDAM method employs Eqs. (4) and (5) to calculate the delay liability allocated to the owner or contractor, respectivel y. While all 34 delay periods were complete, Eqs. (6) and (7) are used to summarize all delay liability allocated to the owner or contractor, respectively. 5. 3. Final results Based on the test case consisting of original as-planned and as-built schedules, delay events and related responsibilities, delay analysis was performed using the EDAM method and four other windows-based methods, i. e. the TWA/MWA, DAMDUS and DWDA methods.Table 3 lists identification results for different delays, and the timings of the critical path changes. Table 4 summarizes analysis results. Compared to actual delay information (Tables 3 and 4), the DAMUDS, DWDA and EDAM methods accurately calculated the values for the NE, EN, EC and concurrent delays. The TWA and MWA methods do not calculate the concurrent delay, and calculate the NE delay incorrectly. The information for NE, EN and EC shown in 0 0 0 0 0 Start 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 0 5 2 0 7 7 5 5 7 7 5 11 5 5 7 3 0 9 4 6 6 5 0 14 14 14 20 11 11 – – 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 8Tables 2, 3 and 4 confirms that the proposed method can accurately identify those delay information that DAMUDS, DWDA and EDAM methods do. In addition to its calculation accuracy, the EDAM method identifies right critical path changes and has adequate analysis scenarios to perform delay analysis efficiently. That is, the EDAM method yields an accurate calculation result with economic analysis times. 6. Discussion 6. 1. Efficiency for delay analysis To compare the efficiency of the EDAM method to that of the other four windows-based methods, all studied methods use the same test case. Fig. shows the analysis periods used by all methods. The TWA and MWA methods employed the start and finish dates of key delay events as the timing for extracting analysis periods; the DAMUDS method determined the timings of delay sections from the start, change and finish dates of any delay event, while the DWDA method analyzed delays on a day-by-day basis. Detailed parameters for the fou r methods can be found elsewhere (Kao and Yang, 2009). Notably, the current state of the art in delay analysis through discussed methods is performing delay analyses by the schedule analysts manually, because only a few of methods are computerized.Therefore, this study concerns the efficiency of studied methods by the number of analysis times (analysis runs), rather than the computing times (total duration). 14 14 14 20 11 11 4 6 0 3 7 6 9 8 0 18 18 17 23 20 20 20 20 3 10 0 23 23 18 18 5 9 0 23 23 23 23 ES LS 0 End 0 Duration Activity TF 23 23 EF LF Legend Fig. 2. Precedence diagram for test case. J. -B. Yang, C. -K. Kao / International Journal of Project Management 30 (2012) 385–397 Table 2 Delay information for test case. Act.NE delay Duration (day) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Sum 3 1 3 – 1 – 1 – 3 – 12 Start day 1 3 12 – 13 – 22 – 32 – – Finish day 3 3 14 – 13 – 22 – 34 – – EN delay Duration (day) 1 3 – – 5 – – 1 2 2 14 Start day 7 4 – – 19 – – 30 35 37 – Finish day 7 6 – – 23 – – 30 36 38 – EC delay Duration (day) – 1 2 – 3 2 1 1 2 – 12 Start day – 7 15 – 14 24 23 33 39 – – Finish day – 7 16 – 16 25 23 33 40 – – 391 Total delay 4 5 5 – 9 2 2 2 7 2 38 Based on the analysis periods shown in Fig. 4 and Table 4, the number of analysis times for the TWA/MWA, DAMUDS, DWDA and EDAM methods are 17, 20, 41 and 34, respectively.Notably, one analysis time means to perform one analysis scenario. The DWDA and EDAM methods have the same accuracy level; however, the EDAM method is more efficient than the DWDA method. In the test case, the EDAM method saves 17% in the number of analysis times than the DWDA method. For complicated construction projects the number of activity and the complexity of d elay events are increased, the numbers of analysis times by those methods are increased consequently; therefore, the EDAM method is a more efficient calculation approach than four other windows-based methods. 6. 2.Ability to identify critical path changes Delay claim in the construction industry usually considers delays on the critical path(s); therefore, identifying critical path changes is essential for allocating delay liability. The as-built schedule in Fig. 3 shows real situations of critical path changes while delays appear on the critical paths. Table 3 shows the real timing of critical path changes and the analysis results from different delay analysis methods. In summary, eight critical path changes occurred in the test case. The DWDA and EDAM methods correctly reflected the real situations.Furthermore, the EDAM method calculated the delay impacts on total project duration by only considering the delay on the critical path correctly. Detailed information concerning liabilit y allocation is discussed in Section 6. 4. 6. 3. Ability to deal with concurrent delays and project acceleration To identify the appearances of a concurrent delay and project acceleration, the EDAM method uses a minimum cycle time, one day, as its analysis period. For example, one concurrent delay (one day) appears on day 14 in the test case. The EDAM method accurately identifies this concurrent delay shown in Table 3.If the analysis period exceeds the duration of the concurrent delay, the concurrent delay would not be detected. Notably, in an as-built schedule, the situations of project delay and project acceleration do not occur concurrently. Project acceleration means shortening the duration of activity on original critical path(s), by which a project is completed earlier than planned completion date. While the duration of critical-path activities is shortened, two situations occur. One is the shortened activity is still on critical path; the other is the activity is changed from a critical activity into a no-critical activity.The former one does not cause different analysis result. The latter one might result in different results and is discussed in this study. In Fig. 5, the test case with five activities has one critical path, namely the path of activities 2 > 4 > 5. Finally, this case was completed in 14 days with three days acceleration. In the as-built schedule (the bottom part in Fig. 5), it is clear that, activity 2 shortened one day and activity 4 shortened three days. Fig. 5 shows the complete analyses, in which five analytical scenarios were performed. Notably, according to the algorithm shown in Eq. 8), the performance of project acceleration is caused by activity 2 with 1 day (5-4-0) and activity 4 with 2 days (9-6-1), which are calculated during analytical scenario 1 (day 1–4) and 3 (day 8–10), respectively. 6. 4. Liability allocation approach The EDAM method has an approach that allocates delay liability based on the ratio of an analyzed concurrent delay event to the total delay values on the critical path. As the information shown in Table 4, the DAMUDS and DWDA methods can identify concurrent delays, but cannot clearly allocate delay liability.Those two methods provide the same concurrent delay value of 1 day, that is, the analysis period. In the test case, one concurrent delay appears on day 14, in which activity 3 encounters an NE delay while activity 5 has an EC delay. According the allocation approach (described by Eqs. (9) and (10)), the duration of activities 3 and 5 should be calculated. Notably, the duration of an activity on the critical path just considers the conditions up to the analysis period. Therefore, 392 NO. Duration 1 7 3 7 6 4 9 5 2 5 4 9 5 6 7 3 8 9 10 3 Path 1( 1 3 6 9) Path 2( 2 4 7) Path 3( 2 5 8 10) Critical Path NO. 1 3 6 9 2 4 5 7 8 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 As-planned shedule 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 J. -B. Yan g, C. -K. Kao / International Journal of Project Management 30 (2012) 385–397 CP 1 CP 2 Act. Dur. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 11 NE NE NE EN 12 6 12 10 NE EN EN EN EC 9 15 5 11 5 Note delay project completion Path 1( 1 3 6 9) Path 2( 2 4 7) Path 3( 2 5 8 10) 9 As-built schedule 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 concurrent delay NE NE NE EC EC EC EC NE NE NE EN EN EC EC NE EC EC EC EN EN EN EN EN NE EC EN EC EN ENFig. 3. As-planned and as-built schedule with delay liability. J. -B. Yang, C. -K. Kao / International Journal of Project Management 30 (2012) 385–397 EDAM Analysis TWA/MWA Period DAMUDS DWDA NO. Duration 1 11 3 12 6 6 9 12 2 10 4 9 5 15 7 5 8 11 10 5 Path 1( 1 3 6 9) Path 2( 2 4 7) Path 3( 2 5 8 10) 1 2 1 3 4 1 2 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 NE NE NE 5 2 3 5 5 6 7 3 4 6 7 8 6 7 8 EN 22 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 23 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 7 8 9 10 11 12 6 13 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 2 9 30 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 NE NE NE EC EC EC EC 4 5 24 12 14 31 31 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 13 14 15 16 17 17 18 19 20 15 16 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 NE NE NE EN EN NE EN EN EN EC NE EC EC EC EN EN EN EN EN NE EC EN EC EN EN EC EC Fig. 4. Analysis period partition by EDAM and other methods. 393 394 J. -B. Yang, C. -K. Kao / International Journal of Project Management 30 (2012) 385–397 Table 3 Analysis results by EDAM and other windows-based methods.Type NE delay S/N 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Timing in day 1 2 3 12 13 4 6 19 20 21 22 23 30 37 38 7 15 16 33 14 1 2 3 5 6 12 14 19 21 23 36 37 38 40 Actually occurred Y Y Y N Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Y Y Y N Y N N Y Y N Y Total 4 EDAM Y Y Y N Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Y Y Y N Y N N Y Y N Y TWA/MWA Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N Y N Y N Y N N Y Y N Y Y DAMUDS Y Y Y N Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y N N Y Y N N Y N Y N Y Y DWDA Y Y Y N Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Y Y Y N Y N N Y Y N YEN delay 9 EC delay 4 Concurrent delay Critical path change 1 8 activity 3 takes 3 days on the critical path while activity 5 takes 4 days on the critical path. The values of delay liabilities for activity 3 (NE delay, attributed to the contractor) and activity 5 3 (EC delay, attributed to the owner) are 0. 43 (1 ? 3 + 4 = 0:43) 4 and 0. 57 (1 ? 3 + 4 = 0:43), respectively. Notably, the analytical result is a decimal fraction day because only one-day concurrent delay exists in the test case.In the situation where the NE delay to activity 3 and the EC delay to activity 5 on day 14 were extended to ten days, respectively. Namely, the duration for the concurrent delay is from 1 day changed to 10 days due to the NE delay to activity 3 and the EC delay to activity 5 has been extended to 12 days, respectively. Based on the proposed approach, the values of delay liabilities for activity 3 (NE delay) and activity 5 (EC delay) are 4. 8 (10 ? 2 12 13 = 4:8) and 5. 2 (10 ? 12 13 13 = 5:2), respectively. + + In practice, schedule delays or time extension claims usually result in cost reimbursement or liquidated damage calculations, the analytical results can service as an accurate tool in such calculations. The analytical results based on the proposed transparent calculation approach will provide a better alternative than conventional method that usually employs a half-and-half approach. 6. 5.Comparison to other windows-based delay analysis methods Based on above discussions and the information shown in Table 4, this study summarizes the differences between the proposed method and the discussed windows-based delay analysis methods, organized as follows. Table 4 Analysis results by EDAM and other windows-based methods. Attributes NE delay (in day) EN delay (in day) EC delay (in day) Concurrent delay (in day) Critical path change (in times) Analysis period (in times) Actual EDAM 4 9 4 1 8 TWA/ DAMUDS DWDA MWA 4 9 4 1 7 20 4 9 4 1 8 41 4 5 9 9 4 4 1 (0. 3 for NE; 0 0. 57 for EC) 8 7 34 17 J. -B. Yang, C. -K. Kao / International Journal of Project Management 30 (2012) 385–397 As-Planned schedule Act. No. Duration TF 1 7 3 7 1 2 5 0 4 7 0 5 3 0 Path 1( 1 3) Path 2( 2 4 5) Analysis Period: day 1- 4 Act. No. Duration TF 1 7 2 3 7 2 2 4 0 4 9 0 5 3 0 Path 1( 1 3) Path 2( 2 4 5) Analysis Period: day 5-7 Act. No. Duration TF 1 7 2 3 7 2 2 4 4 9 0 5 3 0 Path 1( 1 3) Path 2( 2 4 5) Analysis Period: day 8-10 Act. No. Duration TF 1 7 3 7 0 2 4 4 6 1 5 3 1 Path 1( 1 3) Path 2( 2 4 5) Analysis Period: day 1-13 Act. No. Duration TF 1 7 3 7 0 2 4 4 6 5 3 1 Path 1( 1 3) Path 2( 2 4 5) Analysis Period: day 14 Act. No. Duration TF 1 7 3 7 0 2 4 4 6 5 3 Path 1( 1 3) Path 2( 2 4 5) 395 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Critical path NW1 1 2 3 4 5 6 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 One day is shortened f or project duration One day is shortened for Activity 2 7 8 9 Critical path 1 2 3 4 5 NW2 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 One day is shortened for project duration One day is shortened for Activity 2Critical path 1 2 3 4 5 6 NW3 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Three days are shortened for project duration One day is shortened for Activity 2 7 8 Three days are shortened for Activity 4 Critical path NW4 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Three days are shortened for project duration Three days are shortened for Activity 4 Critical path NW5 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Three days are shortened for project duration One day is shortened for Activity 2 7 8 9 Three days are shortened for Activity 4 Critical path 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 One day is shortened for Activity 2 2 3 4 5 6 Fig. 5. Project acceleration detected by EDAM. †¢ Comparing to the TWA/MWA method, the EDAM method can deal with the EC, EN, NE and concurrent delays more accurate. †¢ Co mparing to the TWA/MWA and DAMUSD methods, the EDAM method can perform delay analysis considering critical path changes more correct. †¢ Comparing to the DWDA method, the EDAM method can perform delay analysis more efficient. †¢ Comparing to the TWA/MWA, DAMUSD and DWDA methods, the EDAM method can allocate delay liability more accurate, and provide a function of detecting project acceleration. 396 J. -B.Yang, C. -K. Kao / International Journal of Project Management 30 (2012) 385–397 6. 6. Advantages and limitations This study proposes a novel delay analysis method for resolving the problems associated with existing windows-based delay analysis methods. The EDAM method has the following advantages compared to existing windows-based delay analysis methods. †¢ It has a systematic window extraction method for performing delay analysis stably and efficiently. †¢ It adopts a process-based analysis approach to identify critical path changes, concurrent delays an d project acceleration. It develops a clear liability distribution approach for apportioning concurrent delays. Although the EDAM method has been tested using hypothetical cases, some limitations exist in applying to solve schedule delay problems in construction projects. The limitations are organized as follows. †¢ The classification of EC, EN, NE and concurrent delays must be identified before employing the developed EDAM method. †¢ The EDAM method does not discuss float ownership. That is, the one uses the float first who owns the ownership. †¢ Construction projects usually encounter complex delay situations.This study just examines the capabilities of the EDAM method using two hypothetical cases that simulate the identified problems. Therefore, the EDAM method might be unable to resolve the complex delay situations that are not identified in this study. 7. Conclusions While schedule delays occur frequently during construction projects, identifying the liability of contract parties accurately has received considerable attention. Although many methods have been developed for analyzing and measuring construction schedule delays, no one method is acceptable for all project participants and suitable for all delay situations.An ideal delay analysis method must calculate delay information stably, accurately and efficiently. Some existing windows-based delay analysis methods perform delay analysis based on an arbitrary window extraction; some deal with limited delay situations. This study presents the EDAM method, a novel delay analysis method that has a systematic window extraction method for performing delay analysis stably, and adopts a process-based analysis approach to resolve concurrent delays and liability distribution problems accurately. Additionally, the EDAM method performs delay analysis efficiently in a test case.The EDAM method is a good alternative for resolving analysis problems associated with schedule delays in construction project s. The construction industry requires continual improvements to delay analysis methodology due to industry complexity. Based on research results, this study provides following suggestions for further study. †¢ Evaluating the performance of the existing windows-based methods (including the EDAM method) for diverse and real cases can improve the acceptance of all windows-based methods in the construction industry.However, illustrative cases, covering all delay situations or real delay cases are hard to retrieve because the cases in the court have limited and simplified information, and information from the arbitration cases is not disclosed. How to develop a protocol for collecting such cases is essential for further development and evaluation. †¢ Most available delay analysis methods are not implemented in popular project management systems (such as Microsoft Project and Oracle Primavera P6) or supported by those systems, thus posing a barrier to apply these methods for sol ving real delay problems.Although capable of providing a basic function for delay analysis, a few systems only perform simple schedule comparisons. For example, the Claim Digger function embedded in Oracle Primavera P6 can be used monthly to compare different schedule variances in start date, finish date and activity duration. According to the systematic approach provided by this research, developing easy-to-use systems embedded in, based on or supported by available commercial project management systems will enhance the application of delay analysis methods. The methods for delay analysis can be divided into four categories: forecasting, real-time, after-delay-occurred and after-project-completion (Arditi and Pattanakitchamroon, 2006). Most of methods belong to the after-projectcompletion category; by those methods some essential documents and evidences may be lost. Developing a method that belongs to forecasting or real-time category can resolve this problem. Furthermore, systems dynamics approach has been recognized and proven to be helpful for dispute resolution (Weil and Rayford, 1990; Cooper and Lee, 2009).It would be another good alternative method for schedule delay analysis for construction projects. †¢ The proposed method for allocating delay liability provides a better alternative with transparent calculation approach than conventional method that usually employs a half-and-half approach. However, if construction contracts have a clear delay liability allocation clause that employ the proposed method or conventional half-and-half approach, the dispute for delay liability allocation will be diminished.How to draft a suitable clause that provides a clear delay liability allocation approach and fair rights and obligations in a contract can be studied carefully. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the National Science Council, Taiwan, ROC, for financially supporting this research under Contract No. NSC96-2221-E-216-027-MY2. The authors are also thankful to the reviewers for their valuable suggestions and comments. J. -B. Yang, C. -K. Kao / International Journal of Project Management 30 (2012) 385–397 397 References Alkass, S. , Mazerolle, M. , Harris, F. , 1996. Construction delay analysis techniques.Construction Management and Economics. 14 (5), 375–394. Arditi, D. , Pattanakitchamroon, T. , 2006. Selecting a delay analysis method in resolving construction claims. International Journal of Project Management. 24 (2), 145–155. Arditi, D. , Robinson, M. A. , 1995. Concurrent delays in construction litigation. Cost Engineering 37 (7), 20–31. Bordoli, D. W. , Baldwin, A. N. , 1998. A methodology for assessing construction project delays. Construction Management and Economics. 16 (3), 327–337. Braimah, N. , Ndekugri, I. , 2008. Factors influencing the selection of delay analysis methodologies. International Journal of Project Management. 6 (8), 789–799. Cooper, K. , Lee, G. , 2009. Managing the dynamics of projects and changes at Fluor. Proceedings of the 27th International Conference of the System Dynamics Society, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Access: http://www. systemdynamics. org/ newsletters/2009-10oct/application%20award%20paper. pd. de la Garza, J. M. , Prateapusanond, A. , Ambani, N. , 2007. 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Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 131 (11), 1155–1164. Kraiem, Z. , Diekmann, J. , 1987. Concurrent delays in construction projects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 113 (4), 591–602. Mbabazi, A. , Hegazy, T. , Saccomanno, F. , 2005. Modified but-for method for delay analysis. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 131 (10), 1142–1144. Mohan, S. B. , Al-Gahtani, K. S. , 2006. Current delay analysis techniques and improvements. Cost Engineering 48 (9), 12–21. Ng, S. T. , Skitmore, M. , Deng, M. Z. M. , Nadeem, A. , 2004.Improving existing delay analysis techniques for the estab lishment of delay liabilities. Construction Innovation 4 (1), 3–17. Nguyen, L. D. , Ibbs, W. , 2008. FLORA: New forensic schedule analysis technique. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 134 (7), 483–491. Sakka, Z. I. , El-Sayegh, S. M. , 2007. Float consumption impact on cost and schedule in the construction industry. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 133 (2), 124–130. Trauner Jr. , T. J. , Manginelli, W. A. , Lowe, J. S. , Nagata, M. F. , Furniss, B. J. , 2009. Construction delays: understanding them clearly, analyzing them correctly, Second edition.Elsevier Inc.. ISBN 978-1-85617-677-4. Weil, H. B. , Rayford, L. E. , 1990. System dynamics in dispute resolution. Proceedings of the 1990 International System Dynamics Conference, Utrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 1311–1324. Access: http://www. systemdynamics. org/ conferences/1990/proceed/pdfs/weil1311. pdf. Yang, J. B. , Yin, P. C. , 2009. Isolated collapsed but-for delay analy sis methodology. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 135 (7), 570–578. Zack, J. G. , 2000. Pacing delays—the practical effect. Cost Engineering 42 (7), 23–28. Zack, J. G. , 2001. But-for schedules—analysis and defense. Cost Engineering 43 (8), 13–17.

How to Redirect Your Mail in Canada at the Post Office

How to Redirect Your Mail in Canada at the Post Office If you are moving, be sure to arrange for your mail to be redirected so you dont miss anything important. These instructions are for having your postal address changed at the post office. You can also use the Change of Address Online Service to have your mail redirected via computer. Should You Redirect Your Mail? In order to continue to receive your mail at a new address, you will need to use Canada Posts in-person or online service to forward your mail. You can use Canada Posts redirect services for both permanent and temporary moves. When making a permanent move, you can choose whether to forward your mail for four months or one year. When making a temporary move, you can choose to  forward for three months with the option to continue on a month-to-month basis thereafter. The following steps apply to both residential and business relocations. Follow These 6 Steps to Redirect Your Mail At least two weeks before your move, go to any ​postal outlet in Canada and complete a Redirection of Mail Service form.  Pay the appropriate fee.  The cost of mail forwarding will vary, depending on whether your new address is within the same province, within Canada or in another country. There also are different rates for residential and business moves.The Redirection of Mail Service form will be sent to the postal supervisor for your old address.Ask for change of address cards.Complete the change of address cards and send them to all your regular correspondents, including your bank, credit card companies  and other companies with which you regularly do business.If you still want your mail redirected after the initial period, go to a postal outlet and renew the service before the redirect period has ended. Pay the current fee. Additional Considerations Note that mail can be redirected to any other address in Canada, in the United States  and to many international addresses. For security reasons, youll need to show two pieces of identification, preferably photo ID.

Summary of Lorenzo essays

Summary of Lorenzo essays In the movie, Lorenzo's Oil, the true story of Lorenzo Odone and his family's fight to save his life is vividly prtrayed. The movie examines the ravaging effects of a disorder called ALD is a rare, genetic disorder characterized by the breakdown or loss of the myelin sheath surrounding nerve cells in the brain and progressive dysfunction of the adrenal gland. There are different types of ALD. The type that Lorenzo has is the most severe. It affects only boys and usually occurs between the ages of 4 and 10. The movie begins by showing 5 year old Lorenzo in perfect health, running and playing as other boys his age. Then, he suddenly becomes ill. At first his behavior begins to change. Lorenzo, who had been a very loving and friendly child, begins to show aggression and hyperactivity in school. Shortly thereafter, he becomes physically ill. Lorenzo's diagnosis is very bleak. The doctors explain to his parents, Augusto and Michaela, that their son has a rare incurable disease that will cause his brain to deteriorate and he will die within a couple of years. As Lorenzo's father begins to research this disease, he reads a list of symptoms that Lorenzo would soon face: seizures, loss of muscle tone, stiffness and contracture deformities, swallowing difficulties and further signs of damage to the brain tissue. As the disease would progress, symptoms would include paralysis, hearing loss, visual impaired Augusto and Michaela refuse to accept this. They begin to research and find that there is a link between certain foods and the disorder that their son has. They immediately begin to limit his dietary intake of these foods such as peanut butter, spinich, and other foods rich in the saturated fatty acids (VLCSFA). At first Lorenzo begins to show progress with the level of ...

Biceps Tendon Rupture With Post-operative Complications

Biceps Tendon Rupture With Post-operative Complications Locomotor PBL Experiment Writeup Introduction In this PBL, we observe a case of biceps tendon rupture with post-operative complication of heterotopic ossification. We will first go through the anatomy of the upper limb followed by a discussion of the ruptured biceps tendon, heterotopic ossification and finally mode of action of indomethacin. Learning Objectives 1. Osteology of the upper limb with emphasis on the elbow and wrist 2. The neurovascular supply to the upper limb 3. Movements possible at joints of upper limb and the range of movements possible with regards to the elbow and wrist and the muscles that bring about these actions. 4. Rupture of distal biceps tendon 5. Heterotopic ossification 6. Mode of action of Indomethacin 1. Osteology of the upper limb with emphasis on the elbow and wrist Arm The humerus is the largest and longest bone of the arm region connecting the shoulder to the forearm. Proximally, the head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the sca pula forming the glenohumeral joint. Distally the humerus articulates with the two bones of the forearm, the ulna and radius. The humerus is shown in more detail in figure 1 below. Figure 1 Humerus (1) For Anil’s case we will focus several prominent features on the distal region of the humerus which forms part of the elbow. There are two projections on either side of the distal end of the humerus which are the medial and lateral epicondyle. The medial epicondyle protects the ulnar nerve which passes just posteriorly and also serves as the attachment site for the forearm superficial flexor muscles. The lateral epicondyle conversely is the attachment site for the forearm extensor muscles. Anteriorly in between these two epicondyles are two articular surfaces: the round surfaced lateral capitulum which articulates with the radius and the spool shaped medial trochlea which articulates with the ulna. Also anteriorly, the radial fossa directly above the capitulum accommodates the h ead of the radius during flexion of the elbow whereas the coronoid fossa directly above the trochlea accommodates the coronoid process of the ulna during flexion of the elbow. Both the radial and coronoid fossa limit flexion of the elbow. Posteriorly, the olecranon fossa accommodates the olecranon process of the ulna during extension of the elbow. The olecranon fossa prevents hyperextension of the elbow. Forearm The forearm is made up of two bones: ulna and radius. Proximally both of these bones articulate with the humerus whereas distally only the radius directly articulates with the carpals of the wrist thus connecting the arm to the wrist. The ulna and radius are shown in figure 2 below. Figure 2 Radius and Ulna (1) The ulna The ulna is the stabilizing bone of the forearm and is medial and longer of the two bones. There is a projection anteriorly at the proximal end called the coronoid process which fits into the coronoid fossa during elbow extension. Posteriorly on the proximal end of the ulna is the olecranon process (which forms the prominence of the elbow) which fits into the olecranon fossa during elbow extension. The articular surface between the olecranon and the coronoid articulates with the trochlear of the humerus and gives the movements of elbow extension and flexion.

Security Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Security Technology - Essay Example Security cameras are one aspect of business security that is commonly used across many different business types. Often a number of video cameras transmit their signals to a specific point, frequently a set of monitors. This system is known as closed-circuit television (CCTV) the name derives from the fact that although a television signal is produced it is not transmitted openly, and as a consequence cannot be picked up by exterior parties (Levine, 2000). The term CCTV can be technically used to refer to most types of video cameras; however, it is generally used to apply to those that are involved in security applications (Introna, 2000). In retail stores, CCTV systems are often used for security, monitoring both consumers and employees with the aim of preventing crime from occurring and for catching and prosecuting those that are involved in criminal acts within the store. I have worked at Best Buy since I was 17 years of age beginning in the sales department, and currently am the Security/Loss Prevention Manager for my store. This role comes with a high amount of responsibility and I take pride in doing my job well and ensuring that my staff do also. Throughout my career at Best Buy one aspect of technology which I have used extensively and consider crucial to my work is the CCTV network of security cameras which is present as part of our store security system. CCTV plays a significant role in maintaining the security of our store, and is helpful in a number of other aspects. Most importantly the CCTV system allows the monitoring of both consumers and employees behavior from a distance. Even though the presence of security cameras throughout the store is a well known fact, many people forget that the cameras are operating or hope that they are in a blind spot and act in a manner which they would not wish to be observed in. The most common example of t his is theft. The CCTV network is very useful for determining when and where shoplifting or acts of fraud occur, and as the system records the footage, it can then play a role in identifying thieves, in proving that an individual stole from the store, as well as providing a key role in internal investigations into employee theft and dishonesty. However, the monitoring of theft and dishonest practice are not the only uses of this powerful technology, it is also used other purposes such as finding lost children, determine the locations of staff members during emergency drills as well as acting as a deterrent to theft. This essay will consider the technology involved in CCTV, its history and how it is used as well as the legal ramifications occur as a consequence, with particular emphasis on the role of CCTV in retail security. Finally I will discuss my own personal experience with CCTV and how it affects my role at Best Buy. History One of the early uses of CCTV occurred in London in 1961 at an underground railway station. The purpose of the system wasn’t security, but was to allow drivers to ensure that the doors of the railway car were clear before they departed the station (Keval & Sasse, 2006). However, CCTV cameras were in use as early as 1940 and the industry has been growing ever since (Mohammed, 2010). The use of CCTV as a means of surveillance for public areas as well as business has become commonplace, and there are many different purposes for CCTV systems. One common example is the use of CCTV as street surveillance, looking for drug related activity, for the identification of missing persons, as well as for identifying any criminal activity (Keval & Sasse, 2006). Within retail stores consumers are observed through CCTV in the in order to look for illegitimate activity or evidence of theft. Monitoring is not limited to

The house we live in Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The house we live in - Term Paper Example Nevertheless, this is not the case as non-whites get fewer benefits although they may have worked harder than whites may. This form of treatment is present in most societal settings such as housing, customs, and even in courts. It is heartbreaking to find out that non-whites are not favored even by the government. This is because they are even denied citizenships for the mere fact that they are non-whites. At one point, a court had determined that the definition of whiteness depends on the comprehension of the white man. This implies that even the courts are giving the white man an opportunity to discriminate the non-whites since the white man would have the power to determine who is white and who deserves certain favors. This is happening even in employment places where whites are allocated the most prestigious positions although they may have lower qualifications as other non-whites. This is a form of modern day slavery where certain individuals are slaves in free countries. These behaviors happen especially in the countries that pledge fair treatment to noncitizens. This implies that racism and discrimination on grounds of skin color is an indication of hypocrisy. Personally, I do not think that race should ever be considered when offering citizenships or when giving out any opportunity. This is because all people are equal and should be treated as such. This behavior of race-based favors brings additional problems such as inequality in the society. For instance, when comparing white and black families, one can note the huge differences beginning with both groups’ net worth. According to the documentary, the net worth of an average white family is at least eight times higher as compared to the black family. In the same way, the houses being sold in white dominated areas cost a lot more than those in black or even Hispanic neighborhoods. This and other differences do not translate to higher performances by

Racial inequalities (Controversial Subject) Essay

Racial inequalities (Controversial Subject) - Essay Example When it comes to opportunities, Hispanic American citizens receive less privilege compared to their White counterparts. History could tell that all presidents excluding the present administration were all White. This significantly implies that compared to White Americans, Hispanic group would less likely to be given with trust and opportunity to lead the American people. The specific point of contrast reveals the kind of treatment given to both White and Hispanic Americans especially when it appears to include higher responsibility and privilege. In fact, at the basic foundation of this all, it appears that White youths are most likely to receive greater privilege and opportunity when it comes to both education and health coverage compared to their Hispanic youth counterparts (Flory, Edwards, and Christerson 1). Again, this could lead someone to think that the major contrast simply lies at the core foundation of giving too much value, privilege and opportunity for the white race. White Americans are higher in population compared to Hispanic group. However, as stated in statistics, the incarceration rate of white males falls only at 487 per 100,000 US residents, while for Hispanic males 1,193 per 100,000 US residents (DeLisi and Conis 270). By looking at these figures without bias, it seems everything could be justifiable when it has to be declared that Hispanic males have more number of violent individuals compared to the white males. However, these figures seem not proportionate if based on the actual total population of each group. Thus, another significant point to consider is the probability of favoring justice for white Americans compared to Hispanic. The point of contrast lies at how justice might be interpreted on the part of Hispanic group and white Americans. Finally, it is a common observation that Whites receive more and even special attention than Black or Latino counterparts. A specific study reveals that American media most

Supreme Court Case Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Supreme Court Case - Research Paper Example The administrative action taken in this case, which consisted of five steps, is described, after which a stand is made that the court’s action had no effect on any perceived arbitrariness in the administrative agency’s decision. This writer’s opinion was rendered on the appropriateness of the court’s decision, and foreseen future implications on administrative actions are briefly described. On the case of Goldberg v Kelly 1. Offer a brief summary/historical overview of the circumstances in the case, the stakeholders, and the outcome sought by the plaintiff. In this case, the appellants were New York state officials and the Commissioner of Social Services, New York City. The appellees are New York City residents who were receiving financial aid under federally supported Aid to Families with Dependent Children program, and the general Home Relief program of New York State (397 U.S. 256). Plaintiff-appellees allege that their benefits either have been or were about to be terminated by officials without prior notice and hearing. They claim in effect, denial of their constitutional right to be afforded the due process of law, for which they sought the restoration of their welfare benefits pending results of evidentiary hearing where they could present their case (397 U.S. 256-257). Upon conclusion of the administrative procedure and remedies during which time plaintiffs’ welfare benefits were terminated, action was brought by the aggrieved party in the District Court for the Southern District of New York. Defendants argued that pursuant to regulation, a pre-termination review was conducted at the end of which it was decided that termination of benefits was warranted. At this juncture, the benefits were halted, although plaintiffs were afforded the option of requesting for a post-termination â€Å"fair hearing† during which they may appear personally before the decision-maker, adduce their evidence and confront and cross-exam ine the witnesses against them. The rationale behind the discontinuance of welfare benefits after the administrative review and summary adjudication prior to the â€Å"fair hearing† was purportedly to protect the interests of the New York taxpayer, in case the hearing finds the discontinuance to be meritorious (397 U.S. 265). The district court ruled in favor of plaintiffs, that in light of the constitutional mandate, a pre-termination evidentiary hearing is required in order to satisfy the due process requisite under the law (397 U.S. 256-257). The District Court rejected the argument by welfare officials that their conduct of a post-termination â€Å"fair hearing† as well as an informal pre-termination review had adequately complied with the law. The decision of the District Court was withheld on appeal. 2. Explain how the case qualified for judicial review in regards to the ripeness, standing, the exhaustion of administrative remedies, and primary jurisdiction as th ey apply. The doctrine of ripeness is concerned with whether at the time a judicial action is brought, the facts have sufficiently developed such that the injury has occurred or is likely to occur, instead of being remote or contingent. A claim is ripe if the injury upon

The Short-Term Significance Of The Anglo-Saxon Invasions Coursework

The Short-Term Significance Of The Anglo-Saxon Invasions - Coursework Example The invasion of England was a result of fighting between the British and the Anglo Saxons until around AD 500 at the Battle of Mount Badon which started as a result of a mutiny by Anglo Saxon mercenaries within the Roman army between 450 and 500. However, Gildas in his De Excidio Brittannie acclaims the resistance to Ambrosius Aurelianus who finally won the Battle of Mount Badon, which steamed the migration of the Anglo Saxons and their dominance of England as the Britons exhausted themselves with internal disputes, wars and general unrest. Discussion A most recent account based on a skeptical review of the archeological evidence by Hines notes that, while there was a general sequence of the transition from Roman Britain to Anglo-Saxon England, it cannot be dated to the exact dates as historians would desire. This is due to very little evidence in the form of Anglo Saxon artifacts that could be dated back to the 5th century. Anglo Saxon influence hence became more visible during the 2nd half of the 5th century resulting in the definition of the coming of the Anglo Saxons from the point which they achieved significant influence rather than their first arrival, c450 hence is just a date as any. The significances of the Anglo Saxon invasion in Britain can hence be analyzed in terms of the social, political, economic, cultural and economic impacts. As one of the short term social impacts of this invasion and final migration, the Anglo Saxons were assimilated into the Celtic culture and their social setting, especially in the central and southern parts of Britain. This contributed to the final creation of the Anglo Saxon England which basically led to the extensive use of the old English language. The language arose as a social need among the three different communities of the Anglo Saxons to communicate among each other (Gerrard, CA217. Celt was the language of the military and the higher in society who in any given society are usually few in number and the fall of the Romano British rule saw the fall in the number of Latin speakers, hence leaving the majority and the rest of the society to be speakers of old English whose growth in population increased the number of old-English speaker. The Anglo Saxon invasion of England is mainly known to have started by the invitation of Anglo Saxon mercenaries of 100 men on three ships by the Romans to help them in the war against the Picts and the Irish, and also others who came to their own accord. Their most known form of military advancement was on foot sores but during the aftermath of their invasion of Britain, and their expansion of their territory, they switched their military strategy to charging on horsebacks which can also be attributed to the expansion of their kingdom which meant large tracts of land to be covered, which logically could not be done on foot. In the early Anglo Saxon settlement in Britain, buildings were of simple construction, only using masonry in the foundation only but the rest was strictly using timber with thatch roofing. This form of architecture of the Anglo Saxon was because of not wanting to settle within the old roman cities. With the Roman settlement among the Anglo Saxons also saw a distinctive contrast in the form of construction of houses and in the overall architecture in totality (White, CA 211). The Roman settlement led to the building of monumental forms of architecture which can be attributed to Christianity since the churches of this age were to be built in a particular form of architecture. Christianity as a religion was formally introduced to the Anglo

Racial inequalities (Controversial Subject) Essay

Racial inequalities (Controversial Subject) - Essay Example When it comes to opportunities, Hispanic American citizens receive less privilege compared to their White counterparts. History could tell that all presidents excluding the present administration were all White. This significantly implies that compared to White Americans, Hispanic group would less likely to be given with trust and opportunity to lead the American people. The specific point of contrast reveals the kind of treatment given to both White and Hispanic Americans especially when it appears to include higher responsibility and privilege. In fact, at the basic foundation of this all, it appears that White youths are most likely to receive greater privilege and opportunity when it comes to both education and health coverage compared to their Hispanic youth counterparts (Flory, Edwards, and Christerson 1). Again, this could lead someone to think that the major contrast simply lies at the core foundation of giving too much value, privilege and opportunity for the white race. White Americans are higher in population compared to Hispanic group. However, as stated in statistics, the incarceration rate of white males falls only at 487 per 100,000 US residents, while for Hispanic males 1,193 per 100,000 US residents (DeLisi and Conis 270). By looking at these figures without bias, it seems everything could be justifiable when it has to be declared that Hispanic males have more number of violent individuals compared to the white males. However, these figures seem not proportionate if based on the actual total population of each group. Thus, another significant point to consider is the probability of favoring justice for white Americans compared to Hispanic. The point of contrast lies at how justice might be interpreted on the part of Hispanic group and white Americans. Finally, it is a common observation that Whites receive more and even special attention than Black or Latino counterparts. A specific study reveals that American media most